Step 1 - Information technology and society - IT security, security in the information technology, multiple protection - The Basic Security Level, report from Gooken.de, the meta and local internet search engine

Gain your trust back, and gain the trust in you back!

1000% security for your computer:05.26.2020, since 2010: Computer without needing any care: (paranoid-) secure and standarded stable computer-system, self-repairing, free from wide restrictions, total free from maintenance, surface covering opensourced software, with emulators and virtual machines of many operating systems, always mouseclick-fast (free from hacker and trojan etc.), most comfortable, endless durable (lifetimed soft- and hardware), power-saving, free from royalities and all in all (quit) for free; presented by Gooken

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Gooken - independent - fairminded - impartial - facts based - opinion friendly Reports from our websides must not present our opinion, Red., Gooken, 2017.

Stiftung Warentest, TÜV Rheinland, Öko-Test, GS - Checked out Security, AUSTest (for all, that can´t get out of order, lifetime products), ISO-certified company, ISO, DIN, DLG gold, ..., Tagesschau, Spiegel, Stern, ..., OpenSource / LSB-compliance, patent right:

So where the hell is all advertisement (also upon the costs of tax payers) good for, as one can´t imagine better adverstisement?

From News&Links#Windows and News&Links#NSA&Co.
Allicance: Five Eyes, Nine Eyes, ...
"We kill people on the base of meta-data"
Hacking and Eavesdropping, netzpolitik.org, 24.02.2020
https://netzpolitik.org/2020/ist-whatsapp-sicher-genug-fuer-die-diplomatie/
https://netzpolitik.org/2020/is-whatsapp-safe-for-diplomats/

Tor, The Anonymizing Network - Äh, ... Looking out for GOOD Tor Nodes (entry-, middle- and exit-nodes / relais) now ..., text 2019 by Gooken

"More respect for old people´s nurses than for the bosses from industry together", seen in the Facebook-Profil from a Maja Schmidt, 01.18.2021
"Each old people´s nurse does perform more than all investment bankers together."

Computer - es geht (ging) kaum noch kaputter

Even more worse than the Computer?:

Coronavirus and so on etc.

WORLD´S GREATEST TOMBOLA FOR EVERYONE :

Arount Covid-19 (coronavirus): Trillion Dollar pursuit by law (1.000.000.000.000 ) thinkable, Pia Berling @ Facebook
Staranwalt Dr. Reiner Fuellmich against the PCR-Test.

"The biggest crime, the world ever has seen"
For the blond beauty and and Pia Berling it became quit obviously: Planned total control and total survey for the enslavement and the enforcement of mass suicide
Reference to "The Great Reset" from (jude) Klaus Schwaab
Listing of involved comany names from A to Z by Klaus Schwaab in worldeconomy-forum under Partner (Facebook, Google, Amazon, Morgan, ..., einige Schweizer Banken, SAP, Bosch, Siemens, ..., Personennamen: Jens Spahn, ... ) , Pia Berling @ Facebook @ Miriam Hope @ weforum.org, 14.01.2021
Video
https://www.weforum.org/paartners/#search
https://t.me/MiriamHope

Google nimmt NATO-kritische Informationsportale ins Visier, uncut-news.ch, 17.04.2022
Zensur
Der Krieg in der Ukraine ist auch ein Informationskrieg. Sowohl hüben wie drüben wird Propaganda verbreitet. An vorderster Front mischen in diesem Informationskrieg auch die Tech-Giganten mit - allen voran Google.
https://uncutnews.ch/google-nimmt-nato-kritische-informationsportale-ins-visier/

pr-ten.de from 2009: Das Kerngeschäft Googles stellt die Suchmaschine dar... . Die Google Inc. ist ein Unternehmen, das seinen Firmensitz in Mountain View, in Kalifornien hat. Derzeit arbeiten weltweit mehr als 24.000 Menschen für den Suchmaschinenbetreiber (vgl. Gooken: 1). An Google wird jedoch vor Allem von Datenschützern stets heftige Kritik ausgeübt. Viele Datenschützer warnen vor dem gläsernen Nutzer. Google speichert nämlich alle Suchdaten 18 Monate lang mit der IP und kann für jeden Haushalt Nutzerdaten systematisch sammeln und somit auch private Informationen missbrauchen. Alle Suchanfragen jedoch werden ohne zeitliche Grenzen gespeichert, was auch ein Grund ist, weshalb mittlerweile schätzungsweise über einer Million Server mit der Datenspeicherung beschäftigt sind. Auch durch Google Chrome und ähnliche Anwendungen kann dasUnternehmen in die Details des Lebensstils der Anwender eindringen. Datenschutzorganisationen wie Privacy International fordern deshalb Kontrollmöglichkeiten für die Nutzer. Diese Datenschutzorganisation stuft Google sogar als einzige Firma im Web als "datenschutzfeindlich".

Rockefeller - Google
Die globale Übernahme der Medizin - Es könnte in den nächsten zwei oder drei Jahre noch schlimmer werden, uncut-news.ch, 15.08.2022
Fall Rockefeller [...] Google ist ein wichtiger Akteur in diesem Social-Engineering-Projekt; 93 % der Online-Suchen in der ganzen Welt werden über Google durchgeführt. Darin sind jedoch die Dutzenden anderer Suchmaschinen nicht enthalten, die Googles Anwendungsprogrammierschnittstelle (API) für den Zugriff auf die Ergebnisse nutzen, was bedeutet, dass diese Zahl wahrscheinlich bei 95 bis 96 % liegt. Aus einem Bericht aus dem Jahr 2022 geht hervor, dass 94 % aller Suchanfragen über Mobilgeräte und Tablets über Google erfolgen.
Diese Zahl ist mehr als schockierend. Praktisch jeder, der das Internet nutzt, verlässt sich auf die Suchmaschine von Google. Bitte haben Sie Verständnis dafür, dass alle Informationen auf zensierten Websites immer noch vorhanden sind, aber wenn Sie keinen Index oder Schlüssel haben, um sie zu finden, ist es so, als hätte es sie nie gegeben. Google hat in aller Stille die Version des 21. Jahrhunderts der Verbrennung der Bibliothek von Alexandria umgesetzt.
Bis 2016 war es relativ einfach, Informationen online zu finden. Nur sehr wenig wurde zensiert. Aber im Laufe der Zeit und insbesondere in den letzten sechs Jahren hat Google damit begonnen, die Algorithmen so zu verändern, dass bestimmte Arten von Informationen unterdrückt werden, die im Wettbewerb mit Big Pharma, Big Food und anderen globalistischen Interessen stehen.
Heute hat diese Informationsbeschränkung einen Zenit erreicht. Es kann sehr schwierig sein, an bestimmte Informationen heranzukommen, und manchmal muss man Kennzeichnungen umgehen, die davor warnen, dass man etwas lesen wird, das "entlarvt" wurde und einem schaden könnte, wenn man es befolgt, sowie Umleitungsmeldungen, die einem sagen, wohin man gehen und was man stattdessen lesen soll.
https://uncutnews.ch/die-globale-uebernahme-der-medizin-es-koennte-in-den-naechsten-zwei-oder-drei-jahre-noch-schlimmer-werden/

Headline-Zitat: "Hey USA! How many bombs did you drop today?", uncut-news.ch, 01.11.2022
Krieg/Kriegsverbrechen/Militär/Armee/Rüstung, USA/DAS IMPERIUM
Das Pentagon hat endlich seinen ersten Airpower Summary seit dem Amtsantritt von Präsident Biden vor fast einem Jahr veröffentlicht. Diese monatlichen Berichte werden seit 2007 veröffentlicht, um die Anzahl der von den US-geführten Luftstreitkräften in Afghanistan, Irak und Syrien seit 2004 abgeworfenen Bomben und Raketen zu dokumentieren. Aber Präsident Trump hat die Veröffentlichung nach Februar 2020 eingestellt und damit die fortgesetzten US-Bombardierungen in Geheimhaltung gehüllt.
In den letzten 20 Jahren haben die Luftstreitkräfte der USA und ihrer Verbündeten über 337.000 Bomben und Raketen auf andere Länder abgeworfen, wie die unten aufgeführte Tabelle zeigt. Das entspricht einem Durchschnitt von 46 Angriffen pro Tag in 20 Jahren. Dieses endlose Bombardement war nicht nur tödlich und verheerend für die Opfer, sondern wird allgemein als ernsthafte Untergrabung des Weltfriedens und der internationalen Sicherheit und als Schwächung des Ansehens Amerikas in der Welt angesehen.
https://uncutnews.ch/hey-usa-wie-viele-bomben-habt-ihr-heute-abgeworfen/

"We have to do with psychopaths, genocid morons and mass murders"
Reiner Füllmich together wie many " other attorneies the pursuit by law against the "Corona-criminals", uncut-news.ch, 06.15..2022
Video-News/Audio-News/Interviews
Der Rechtsanwalt Reiner Füllmich wird an diesem Samstag in Florida ein Treffen veranstalten, bei dem er die Beweise vorstellen wird, die er in Interviews mit rund 400 Wissenschaftlern, Ärzten, Anwälten und Journalisten gesammelt hat.
Wir haben es mit Psychopathen, völkermordenden Verrückten und Massenmördern zu tun, sagte Stew Peters, der Füllmich in seine Sendung eingeladen hatte. Sie haben völlig Recht", antwortete der Anwalt.
Wie können wir diese "Corona-Kriminellen", wie Peters sie nennt, stoppen und sie für ihre Verbrechen zur Rechenschaft ziehen? Füllmich sagte, wir müssen weiter prozessieren. Er erklärte, dass seine Anwaltskanzlei in Deutschland neun Verfahren gegen die Täter eingeleitet hat. Aber, so betonte Füllmich, das Rechtssystem in Deutschland sei völlig kaputt und die Justiz genau so.
https://uncutnews.ch/reiner-fuellmich-bereitet-zusammen-mit-vielen-anderen-anwaelten-das-verfahren-gegen-die-corona-verbrecher-vor/

"All people confident with the 80th know, that USA is a criminal state, who takes his superiority ... / Allen mit der Geschichte der vergangenen 80er Jahre vertrauten denkenden Menschen ist doch bekannt, dass die USA ein verbrecherischer Staat ist, der seine Übermacht mit ..."
www.compact-online.de/us-strategie-weltpolizei-oder-beobachtender-raushalter

Doesn´t your bell ring (in your head)? That Amerikans do dislike their own American history as the history of the white man? So that other Americans are titled as "slaveholders"? To dislike their founders and knock over their statues?
https://uncutnews.ch/illusionen-der-ueberlegenheit-was-kommt-als-naechstes/

Passage from Stefan Kleinkrieg ( World war ) from (today I´m extrabreit) in year 1986: "Amis forces us to buy all the scrap that we don´t need."

In year 2015 on Focus Online Ingo Maus meant to the theme "Adobe Security Updates and Frakking":

Ingo Maus: "Everything from Ami is bad. Ami go home!!!" We don´t hear this for the first time.. .

There are no "common values" between European and the USA, uncut-news.ch, 12.15.2021
Author: Thierry Meyssan
Der virtuelle Gipfel, der von Washington aus für Demokratie organisiert wird, ist ein gigantisches Qui-pro-quo. Viele Kommentatoren haben darauf hingewiesen, dass nicht beabsichtigt ist, ein politisches Regime zu fördern, sondern das militärische Bündnis hinter den Vereinigten Staaten ideologisch zu konsolidieren; eine Entwicklung, die neue Kriege vorbereitet. Thierry Meyssan zeigt, dass Washington, ohne jegliches Heucheln, im Gegenteil sehr klar mit seinem Ziel ist. Es sind seine Partner, die die Schuld tragen, weil sie vorgeben, dass die von ihm verwendeten Worte für sie überhaupt nicht die gleiche Bedeutung haben.
https://uncutnews.ch/es-gibt-keine-gemeinsamen-werte-zwischen-europaeern-und-den-usa/

... and when even my mother meant (decades ago) in the theme Maja Schmidt from Voerde: "We are no give-away-institution for the germans and no social station of the USA!", ...

"We are no present-give-away-institution (Germany resp. Reagan´s West alias (das vermeintliche) Judas Judäa) for the Germans and no social station of the USA (asocials). / Wir sind keine Verschenkanstalt (Deutschland) der Deutschen und keine Sozialstation der USA (Asoziale) ! ",

then I ask myself,
yes, I ask myself,
if she wasn´t right.
In this case, getting better can only rely on our (resp. my) own costs! (!!!)

Up to now she uses neither smartphone nor computer: This is the best, one can do (if possible). It´s so ridiculous. How right she is !



1981, 1982, 1983: The elephant unsheathes! But: Null Problemo: "If you do not know, how to go on, you have two possibilities: either you explode, or you cry for help. / Wenn man nicht mehr weiter weiß, hat man zwei Möglichkeiten: entweder man explodiert oder schreit nach Hilfe" (Magnum, TV-Serie, Januar 2016).

Top US-Whistleblower
"Look at the people in the Biden-regime. They are a collection of jokes. There is nothing else
The leader of the west are nothing but whores for the controlling interest groups.
Können Sie irgendwo in der westlichen Welt einen intelligenten Führer erkennen? Nein? Ich auch nicht.", uncut-news.ch, 05.01.2022
USA/DAS IMPERIUM
Von Paul Craig Roberts: Er ist ein US-amerikanischer Ökonom und Publizist. Er war stellvertretender Finanzminister während der Regierung Reagan und ist als Mitbegründer des wirtschaftspolitischen Programms der Regierung Reagans bekannt.
[...] Können Sie irgendwo in der westlichen Welt einen intelligenten Führer erkennen? Nein? Ich auch nicht.
Die Führer des Westens sind nichts als Huren für die kontrollierenden Interessengruppen. Sie haben wahrscheinlich in ihrem ganzen Leben noch nie einen unabhängigen Gedanken gehabt und sind unfähig zu denken. Wie sollen solche nutzlosen Wesen mit einer ernsten Krise fertig werden? Sehen Sie sich die Leute im Biden-Regime an. Sie sind eine Ansammlung von Witzen. Es gibt dort nichts.
https://uncutnews.ch/ist-den-russen-klar-dass-sie-es-mit-verrueckten-zu-tun-haben/

Germany´s centuries long mission to get control over europe is quit solved, uncut-news.ch, 07.22.2022
Germany
Deutschland hat die ganze Zeit auf eine große Krise gewartet, die sich schließlich als die jüngste Phase des Ukraine-Konflikts herausstellte, für dessen Provokation die US-geführte NATO voll verantwortlich ist, um ihre beiden miteinander verbundenen Machtspiele zu spielen, die sich jetzt aktiv entfalten.
Die deutsche Elite ist seit mehr als einem Jahrhundert fest entschlossen, die Kontrolle über Europa zu erlangen, wobei sich im Laufe der Jahrzehnte nur die Mittel geändert haben, nachdem die militärischen bereits zweimal auf schreckliche Weise gescheitert sind.
https://uncutnews.ch/deutschlands-jahrhundertelanger-plan-die-kontrolle-ueber-europa-zu-erlangen-ist-fast-abgeschlossen/

Great-Absurdistan? Judas Judäa? - USA/The empire, the winning elefant of Clever and Smart - US-republicans (farmer-partyi) and & Co.
Do we all make ourselves to (or do we already are) (by now, since 1981/82) all his elephants, (laboratory-)rats, pigs, cows, dogs or battery chickens?
And are we forced to haul up the piggy big elefants in dizzier and dizzier heights, in order to trash (colloqial for: sell) them out)?, someone wants to know (the name and address we forgot, sorry).
Clever and Smart (the comics about all the US-company-ashcrawlers of the world), NY83 (year of Microsoft foundation...): "Next number without net!"

... Speed and security-level record already upon Intel ® Celeron ! Welcome to the online excursion of Gooken !
Mouseclick-fast, stable lifetime computer system with a kernel like the up to this time 195 times collective-patched 5.4 without any hacker and trojans, free from Viren and worms, no spyware and no adware, owner-, access-rights, integrity-rights and ACL, no cookies (session-cookies, if required), free from maintenance, advertisement, linfw3 upon iptables, ebtables, eventually arptables and always blocked net traffic for superuser root, port scan detector (psad), X/X11-Server with ---no-tcp, locking of all accounts except accounts for the superuser root and the user, locked login shells upon all accounts including root except surfuser (/sbin/nologin and/or firejail), Full System Encryption (FSE), secure end-to-ende-connections (TLS 1.3), few root-processes (X and kernel quit only), password-protection upon all passwords even if known (except the password for the LUKS-login for the encryption of the root-partition), noexec-home-partitions, updates up from 2010 to 2024 and longer, ..., without tracking scripts, scriptfilter, third-party-script- und image-Blocker and further on, sandbox firejail, Browser (within sandbox firejail): Konqueror and Pale Moon, Pale Moon security-extensions, anonymizing (Onion Router Tor), unrestricted internet, locale DNS-cache (local -> pdnsd > Tor-DNS), anonymized DNS-request, E-Mail-Client kmail with spam-filter (bogofilter, spamassassin, ...), ..., all upon mouseclick-fast, powersaving lifetime-hardware (quit for free), crash free and virus free (and at last exchangable) BIOS with own views and deep access rights, ..., all OpenSource.

Gooken is an online excursion to achieve real security with your computer. Just follow this excursion step by step (green hook by hook) !

But at first have a look upon some introducing links from NewsäLinks :

Technocrates lead the word into a dark age, uncut-news.ch, 07.16.2021
Population control and New World Order (NWO)
The promise of the technocrates for a brandew and better world are hollow as an empty balloon. Their politics forces into a scientific dictatorship and a new erea of neo-feudalism crushing the freedom. The time to avoid technocracy is now!
https://uncutnews.ch/technokraten-fuehren-die-welt-in-ein-neues-dunkles-zeitalter/

Our speak (Gooken):

Do not exchange real freedom into wrong security, uncut-news.ch, 06.02.2022
USA/DAS IMPERIUM
From Ron Paul. He is an US-american doctor and politicanr. He is member in the Libertarian Party and was during 1976 and 2013 (with pauses) a Republican representative in congress of the United States. Paul was during the US-president election 1988 candidate of the Libertarian Party and ran party-intern for the republican candidature of the US-president elections in 2008 and 2012.
https://uncutnews.ch/tauschen-sie-nicht-echte-freiheit-gegen-falsche-sicherheit/

rC3: Cory Doctorow warns against the "digital equivalents with the atom bomb", trojaner-info.de, 01.03.2020
Der Science-Fiction-Autor Cory Doctorow hat auf dem remote Chaos Communication Congress (rC3) am Sonntag schärfere kartellrechtliche Vorgaben insbesondere für interoperable Online-Dienste gefordert, um den Wettbewerb im digitalen Zeitalter zu erhalten. Mit den fünf Größen des US-Überwachungskapitalismus - Google, Amazon, Facebook, Apple und Microsoft (GAFAM) - seien "die schlimmsten Albträume" der frühen Verfechter von Bürgerrechten im Internet wahr geworden. Ein politisches und rechtliches Gegensteuern sei daher überfällig.
https://www.trojaner-info.de/daten-sichern-verschluesseln/aktuelles/rc3-cory-doctorow-warnt-vor-digitalen-aequivalenten-der-atombombe-8145.html

Mobile phone, technic, machines, computer
The most dangerous technology ever invented - Partl III, uncut-news.ch, 11.08.2021
[Anm: Dieser Beitrag steht zum Speichern und großflächigen Verteilen auch als PDF-Datei bereit. :andreas.]
From author Arthur Firstenberg
Translation ©: Andreas Ungerer
Mobile phones are not here to stay 4. November 2021, Cell Phone Task Force
https://uncutnews.ch/die-gefaehrlichste-technologie-die-je-erfunden-wurde-teil-iii/

Lobby-revolving.-door: Google employs 65 government representatives from EU-staates, netzpolitik.org, 06.06.2016
Das Google Transparency Project hat herausgefunden, dass in den letzten zehn Jahren 80 Personen sowohl bei EU-Regierungen wie auch bei Google angestellt waren. Google stellte im untersuchten Zeitraum 65 Regierungsvertreter ein, während 15 Google-Mitarbeiter in Regierungsdienste wechselten. Fünf Personen wechselten gar von der Regierung zu Google und dann zurück in Regierungsdienste, https://netzpolitik.org/2016/lobby-drehtuer-google-stellt-in-zehn-jahren-65-eu-regierungsvertreter-ein/

Buyed Judges?
George Soros und Bill Gates sind zwei der größten Geldgeber des Europarats, epochtimes.de, 13.04.2021
https://www.epochtimes.de/politik/ausland/gekaufte-richter-am-egmr-george-soros-und-bill-gates-sind-zwei-der-groessten-geldgeber-des-europarats-a3484703.html

Future of online advertisement: The new clothes of Ad-giants, netzpolitik.org, 02.25.2022
Die Ära der Tracking-Cookies neigt sich dem Ende und ein Kampf um die Vorherrschaft im digitalen Werbesystem ist entbrannt. Eine erstaunliche Partnerschaft zwischen Mozilla und Meta ist nur ein kleines Kapitel in dieser größeren Geschichte, analysiert unser Gastautor. Die nächste Phase der Online-Werbung könnte noch schlimmer werden als der Status Quo.
Werbetafeln leuchten im Dunkeln
Werbung verändert mal wieder ihre Form, doch es ist ungewiss, ob der Wandel Verbesserung bringt. - Gemeinfrei-ähnlich freigegeben durch unsplash.com Joe Yates
Michael Veale ist außerordentlicher Professor für Digital Rights und Regulierung am University College London in der Fakultät für Rechtswissenschaften. Er arbeitet an der Schnittstelle von Recht, neuen Technologien, Politik und Gesellschaft, mit einem aktuellen Schwerpunkt auf maschinellem Lernen und Technologien zur Verbesserung der Privatsphäre. Dieser Artikel erschien zunächst auf englisch.
Mozilla sorgte Anfang des Monats für einiges Erstaunen, als es eine Partnerschaft mit Meta ankündigte. Ausgerechnet mit dem Facebook-Mutterkonzern will die gemeinnützige Stiftung im Bereich neuer Werbetechnologien zusammenarbeiten. Dabei ist es noch nicht lange her, dass die Firefox-Entwickler:innen eine "Facebook-Container"-Funktion einführten, um die Cookies dieses einen spezifischen Konzerns unter Quarantäne zu stellen.
Es ist kein Geheimnis, dass der Firefox-Browser angesichts seines schwindenden Marktanteils eine Finanzspritze benötigt. Wahrscheinlich ist er auf der Suche nach mächtigen Freunden. Die Reputation von Mozilla ist jedoch nur der Nebenschauplatz einer viel größeren Geschichte: einer Geschichte über die Zukunft dessen, was wir unter Online-Privatsphäre verstehen. Denn das milliardenschwere System der Online-Werbung - im englischen spricht man von der Ad-Tech-Branche, kurz für Advertising Technologies - befindet sich in einem epochalen Wandel.
Apple und Google übernehmen die Kontrolle
Der Vorschlag von Mozilla und Meta betrifft die Ad Attribution, also die Zuordnung von Anzeigen.
https://netzpolitik.org/2022/zukunft-der-online-werbung-ad-tech-die-neuen-kleider-der-werbe-giganten-mozilla-meta-cookies/

Secret agencies/NSA/Surveillance/BigData
Edward Snowden: "If we weaken encryption, people will die", uncut-news.ch, 24.10.2021
https://uncutnews.ch/edward-snowden-wenn-sie-verschluesselungen-schwaechen-werden-menschen-sterben/

Google and Microsoft are the biggest data collectors
Data are spreaded out into the whole world
Online-advertisement: Companies collect data each minute, netzpolitik.org, 05.17.2022
Technologieunternehmen machen ihr Geld mit Online-Werbung. Ein neuer Bericht zeigt, in welchem Ausmaß sie dafür Daten abgreifen - und wo diese Daten landen.
Ein neuer Bericht zeigt, wie persönliche Daten dank Google und Co. bei Firmen in der ganzen Welt landen.
Eine Person, die in Deutschland im Internet unterwegs ist, wird im Schnitt jede Minute vermessen. Was schaut sie an? Wo geht sie hin? Auf das so geschnürte Datenpaket können Tausende Firmen zugreifen. Das geht aus einem neuen Bericht des Irish Council for Civil Liberties (ICCL) hervor. Firmen auf der ganzen Welt haben demnach Zugang zu teils sehr privaten Daten wie sexuellen Vorlieben oder politischer Haltung. Die Bürgerrechtsorganisation prangert die Aktivitäten der Tech-Giganten als "größtes Datenleck" an.
Anhand interner Dokumente aus der Werbeindustrie beleuchtet der Bericht das so genannte Real-Time-Bidding, ein Verfahren, mit dem in Echtzeit Anzeigenplätze auf Webseiten oder Apps versteigert werden. Dafür wird erhoben, welche Inhalte sich Nutzer:innen ansehen oder wo sie sich befinden, um ihnen zielgenau passende Werbeanzeigen zeigen zu können. Die Zahlen des Berichts beziehen sich auf Europa und die Vereinigten Staaten. Pro Tag würden in Europa demnach 197 Milliarden mal Daten abgegriffen.
"Google und Microsoft größte Datensammler"
Der größte Akteur ist dem Bericht zufolge Google. Doch auch Microsoft sei in die obere Liga aufgestiegen, seit es Ende 2021 die Real-Time-Bidding Firma Xandr kaufte. Zwei weitere Unternehmen, die ebenfalls im großen Stil mit Daten handeln - Facebook und Amazon - sind in den ausgewerteten Dokumenten nicht berücksichtigt, so der ICCL. Laut den recherchierten Zahlen ist Google in Deutschland und Europa der größte Händler. Pro Jahr beläuft sich der Wert des Real-Time-Bidding dem Bericht zufolge auf 117 Milliarden Dollar in den USA und Europa. In der EU sollen es 2019 23 Milliarden Euro gewesen sein. Aus den Dokumenten geht außerdem hervor, dass der Umfang des Datensammeln in Europa deutlich geringer ist als in den Vereinigten Staaten.
Technisch ist das Real-Time-Bidding leicht nachvollziehbar: Sobald man eine entsprechende Seiten öffnet, sammelt ein Dienst im Hintergrund Gebote für die Anzeigenplätze. Die Bietenden analysieren sämtliche Daten der Person, die die Anzeige sehen soll und entscheiden, ob und wie hoch geboten wird. Der höchstbietende Dienst bekommt anschließend den Anzeigenplatz. All das läuft in Echtzeit, also innerhalb weniger Millisekunden ab. Zu den Daten, die alle Dienste während des Prozesses abgreifen können, zählen nicht nur Standort oder Alter. Sie beinhalten oft auch persönliche Vorlieben oder religiöse Orientierung.
Daten enden auf der ganzen Welt
Die Daten, die gesammelt werden, sind nicht nur für die Bieterdienste zugänglich. Laut dem Bericht des ICCL teilt in Europa allein Google die gesammelten Daten mit 1.058 Unternehmen. Darunter seien auch Firmen aus China und Russland. Ein weiteres Dokument aus der Tracking-Industrie zeigt, welche privaten Informationen gesammelt werden, darunter zum Beispiel, ob eine Person Suchtprobleme oder Geschlechtskrankheiten hat. Welche Konsequenzen das haben kann, zeigte erst kürzlich ein Fall in den USA, bei dem ein katholischer Newsletter-Dienst mithilfe von kommerziell zugänglichen Daten aus der Dating-App Grindr einen Priester als homosexuell outete.
https://netzpolitik.org/2022/online-werbung-firmen-greifen-jede-minute-daten-ab/

Testers in year 2016: Around 5500 connection buildup attempts of MS Windows 10 into the internet
Several hundrets of contacts to internet server within a few hours
Windows-Datenschutz auf BSI-Level - so gehts, PC-WELT.de, 04.17.2019
Seit der Einführung von Windows 10 wird das Betriebssystem für seinen mangelnden Datenschutz kritisiert: Es werden zu viele Daten ins Internet gesendet. Nun hat das BSI nachgemessen und aufgedeckt, wie Sie den Datenversand komplett abstellen können.
Kritik am Datenschutz von Windows 10 hagelt es von Sicherheitsexperten, Bloggern und Firmen. Ein PC mit Windows 10, der aktuell keine Aufgabe zu erledigen hat, nimmt dennoch laufend Verbindungen zu Servern im Internet auf. Die Kritik ist nicht neu. Schon Windows XP wurde für seine sogenannte "Call-Home"-Funktionen kritisiert. Damals im Jahr 2001 waren einige Programme, etwa der Windows Media Player, für den unangemeldeten Kontakt ins Internet verantwortlich.
Was sich mit Windows 10 im Jahr 2015 geändert hat, war die schiere Menge an Verbindungen.
Fortsetzung des Berichts und Maßnahmen: in Kürze!

MacOS and Windows Apps are able to make films secretly, tagesschau.de, 07.13.2022
Computer operating systems do not protect enough against spying through Apps. An experiment of BR-Data journalists and PULS Reportage is showing this. This is a security risk especially in times for HomeOffice. Report from Sebastian Bayerl, Maria Christoph, Rebecca Ciesielski, Pia Dangelmayer, Elisa Harlan, Robert Schöffel, BR
Die Corona-Pandemie hat die Kommunikation in der Arbeitswelt grundlegend verändert: Ob morgendliche Videokonferenz oder Meeting am Nachmittag, Videocalls mit aktivierter Kamera sind für viele Arbeitnehmerinnen und Arbeitnehmer Normalität. Dabei birgt das Arbeiten von zuhause in Bezug viele Risiken für die Datensicherheit.
https://www.tagesschau.de/investigativ/br-recherche/sicherheit-homeoffice-101.html

Crass lack in security explored: How virus scanner decompose themselves, CHIP, 04.28.2020
Virenscanner sollen Windows eigentlich vor Gefahren schützen. Doch Forschern ist es gelungen, den Schutz zur Gefahr zu machen. Über symbolische Links zwischen Verzeichnissen konnten nicht nur 28 namhafte Virenscanner ausgetrickst werden, die Schutzsoftware ließ sich auch so manipulieren, dass sie sich selbst und Windows unbrauchbar machen konnte.
[...}] Virenscanner bergen auch Risiken. Der Grund ist einfach, die Tools arbeiten mit den umfassendsten Rechten auf dem System, die es gibt. Gelingt es Angreifern eine Schwachstelle zu finden, steht Windows mit runtergelassenen Hosen da.
Genau das ist Sicherheitsforschern gelungen.
[...] Das Tool der Wahl für den Angriff sind verknüpfte Verzeichnisse, wie man sie unter Windows mit dem Befehl "mklink /j" erstellen kann. Das kann jeder Nutzer unter Windows erledigen, Adminrechte braucht es dafür nicht.
Der Angriff nutzt dabei die grundlegende Arbeitsweise eines Virenscanners aus
https://www.chip.de/news/Sicherheitsluecke-Virenscanner-zerlegen-sich-selbst_182651458.html

Study
How bosses survey their employees, netzpolitik.org, 09.21.2021
Digitale Überwachung ist in vielen Arbeitsplätzen inzwischen Realität geworden. Eine umfassende Studie untersucht nun gängige Technologien und Systeme, die sich oft in einem rechtlichen Graubereich bewegen.
Viele Angestellte werden in ihrer Arbeit überwacht. Eine Studie untersucht nun gängige Technologien und Systeme. (Symbolbild) - Alle Rechte vorbehalten IMAGO / Panthermedia
Keine Frage, die Zeiterfassung am Arbeitsplatz ist digital viel praktischer als mit analoger Stechkarte. Doch beim Aufschreiben von Zeiten bleibt es oft nicht: Längst können solche Systeme etwa Daten über Arbeitstätigkeiten erfassen und festhalten, mit welchen Projekten oder Kund:innen sich Mitarbeitende wie lange beschäftigt haben. Später lassen sich diese Daten für Abrechnungen nutzen oder mit anderen Datenquellen vernetzen. Firmen wollen damit betriebliche Abläufe optimieren, während Arbeitnehmer:innen zunehmend gläsern werden.
"Unternehmen können digitale Überwachung und Kontrolle nutzen, um Arbeit zu beschleunigen und zu verdichten, Freiräume einzuengen oder Beschäftigte leichter ersetzbar zu machen", sagt Wolfie Christl. In einer 150 Seiten starken Studie hat der österreichische Datenschutz-Aktivist für die NGO Cracked Labs untersucht, wie weit die digitale Überwachung am Arbeitsplatz inzwischen fortgeschritten ist. Die Studie ist Teil des Projekts "Gläserne Belegschaft" und wurde mit Hilfe österreichischen Gewerkschaften und der Arbeiterkammer Wien erstellt.
https://netzpolitik.org/2021/studie-wie-chefs-ihre-angestellten-ueberwachen/

Screen recording in Windows 10: Get to know, how simple this can be done, CHIP, 01.27.2022
Möchten Sie Ihren Bildschirm unter Windows 10 abfilmen, können Sie die gleichen Screencast-Tools wie unter älteren Windows-Versionen anwenden. Wir erklären Ihnen, wie auch in der neuen Windows-Version ein Screencast gelingt. Mit der richtigen Tastenkombination geht es super einfach.
https://praxistipps.chip.de/windows-10-bildschirm-abfilmen-so-klappt-der-screencast_42476

Visualized: With this 600 companyies Paypal shares your data, netzpolitik.org, 23.01.2018
Seit dem 1. Januar 2018 gewährt der Online-Zahlungsdienst PayPal Einblick in die Liste der Firmen, mit denen er "möglicherweise" persönliche Informationen seiner Nutzer teilt. Rebecca Ricks hat die sage und schreibe 600 Firmen visualisiert.
https://netzpolitik.org/2018/visualisiert-mit-diesen-600-firmen-teilt-paypal-deine-daten/

Facebook aks banks for user data, PC-WELT.de, 08.07.2018
Facebook hat laut einem Medienbericht bei mehreren großen US-Banken angefragt, um von diesen Kundendaten zu bekommen.
https://www.pcwelt.de/a/facebook-fragte-banken-nach-nutzerdaten,3451879 ä

Google knows your online purchases from online shopping via Gmail-tracking, PC-WELT.de, 20.05.2019
Google ist in der Lage, alle Online-Einkäufe der Nutzer zu tracken, auch wenn diese nicht via Google getätigt wurden.
https://www.pcwelt.de/news/Google-kennt-Ihre-Online-Einkaeufe-via-Gmail-Tracking-10594891.html

Google tracks master card user
Bericht: Google verfolgt Nutzer offline mit Mastercard-Daten, PC-WELT.de, 08.31.2018
Laut einem Bloomberg-Bericht kauft Google Kunden-Daten von Mastercard, um Kunden auch offline zu tracken.
Wie die News-Plattform Bloomberg berichtet, ist Google wohl einen Deal mit Mastercard eingegangen, um Offline-Einkäufe von Kreditkarten mit Nutzerkonten zu verknüpfen. Für die Daten von 70 Prozent aller Mastercard-Inhaber der USA aus dem Jahr 2017 soll Google demnach mehrere Millionen US-Dollar gezahlt haben. Darin enthalten sind Transaktionsdaten, die für Google ausreichen, um Personen eindeutig zu identifizieren.
[...] Laut den Angaben von Bloomberg sind sich aber beide Unternehmen wohl darüber bewusst, dass hier jede Menge Datenschutz-Probleme auftauchen. Der Deal wurde daher nur zögerlich eingegangen. Vier Jahre wurde zwischen den zwei Unternehmen verhandelt, bevor der Deal abgeschlossen wurde. Mastercard-Inhaber wurden darüber hinaus nicht über das Tracking informiert. Zwar gäbe es in Googles Web-Console eine Möglichkeit das Tracking zu untersagen, jedoch ist dies für den Großteil der Nutzer nicht ersichtlich.
[...] Der Bloomberg-Bericht bezieht sich nur auf die USA. Ob Google in weiteren Ländern ähnlich vorgeht, geht aus dem Artikel nicht hervor. In den Vereinigten Staaten machen Umsätze mit Mastercard rund 25 Prozent des gesamten Umsatzes aus.
https://www.pcwelt.de/a/bericht-google-verfolgt-nutzer-offline-mit-mastercard-daten,3452190

Scoring and more

You must get active: The financial takeover of your bank account - BlackRock, Envestnet/Yodlee und die Federal Reserve, uncut-news.ch, 06.16.2021
Terror/Terrormanagement
coreysdigs.com: Have you ever heart of Yodlee? Ich auch nicht, bis ich entdeckte, dass das Unternehmen meine Daten in meinem Bankkonto sammelt und sie wahrscheinlich an Dritte verkauft. Dies wurde schnell zu einer persönlichen Recherche, bis ich erschütternde Zusammenhänge entdeckte, von denen ich erkannte, dass die Öffentlichkeit darauf aufmerksam gemacht werden muss. Bevor Sie beschließen, dass dies nichts mit Ihnen zu tun hätte, bitte ich Sie dringend, diesen Artikel in seiner Gesamtheit zu lesen und die zeitlichen Abläufe genau zu beachten, denn dies betrifft SIE ALLE, und es wird in mehreren Ländern eingeführt. Ich empfehle Ihnen, sich bei Ihrer Bank zu erkundigen und herauszufinden, welche Drittparteien in Ihre Konten verwickelt sind, und die Möglichkeit in Betracht zu ziehen, Ihre Gelder zu einer kleineren lokalen Bank zu transferieren. Hier geht es nicht nur um Spionage und Datenaggregation, sondern um einen strukturellen Aufbau, der uns in das System der Sozial- und Klimabilanz und noch darüber hinaus bringen soll. Und Biden schreibt die Anordnungen, um den Rahmen zu schaffen, den BlackRock ausgearbeitet hat.
Untersuchen Sie Ihre Bank, Finanzinstitute und Ihre Konten
Kurze Zusammenfassung
Mehr dazu: in Kürze u.a. auf News&Links#Bankenskandal

Apple
Privacy labels failMany ‚tracking-free‘ apps in iOS secretly track users, netzpolitik.org, 01.20.2022
Apple forces developers give clear privacy information to app users. But according to new research, four out of five tested apps that claim to not collect data from users actually do. It reads like a fairly simple statement: "Data not collected". Apple introduced such clear privacy labels for apps on its mobile operating system iOS over a year ago. They are supposed to show whether and which data the app passes on to its operators or third parties.
A sizeable portion of apps claim not to collect any data from users. But many of these labels are clearly false, as a technical analysis shared exclusively with netzpolitik.org has shown. Computer scientist Konrad Kollnig from Oxford University examined 1,682 randomly selected apps from Apple´s App Store. 373 of the apps tested (22.2 percent) claim not to collect personal data. However, four out of five, 299 apps in total, contacted known tracking domains immediately after the first app launch and without gaining user consent. (Data to be published soon, more details on the method here.)
One prominent app from Kollnig´s dataset is "RT News" by the Russian state broadcaster. The app claims not to collect any data. To verify the accuracy of that claim, Kollnig loaded it onto a test device and navigated to a few random articles. In total, the RT app sent data to 19 domains. Not to Russia, but to tracking services of the tech giants Facebook and Google, the market research company ComScore and the advertising company Taboola.
Such data collection should be specified in the data protection label, says Kollnig, because it could contain sensitive information, including what news users have viewed in the app. "Unfortunately, it´s often unclear what data is really being collected and what happens to that data." He says that particular caution should be exercised with apps that have access to the GPS location. As research by the New York Times has shown, such location data often ends up in the hands of data companies that offer it for sale - a clear case of abuse.
Kollnig, a PhD student at Oxford University´s Department of Computer Science, and his colleagues have been studying just how much tracking is happening through apps. Most recently, they published an analysis of nearly two million Android apps in the Internet Policy Review. They found that little has changed since the EU´s General Data Protection Regulation took effect in May 2018. According to their findings, around 90 percent of the apps in Google´s Play Store may share tracking data with third parties.
For his analysis of iOS apps, Kollnig randomly selected apps that have been in Apple´s app store since January 2020 and have subsequently added a privacy label. He loaded the apps automatically on an iPhone 8 running on iOS 15.2, where each app was opened. No other interaction took place; crucially, no consent to tracking was given. Kollnig examined the data flowing from the phone through a so-called man-in-the-middle proxy. He also installed some apps manually for extra testing.
Privacy labels get bad reviews
In principle, Apple sets higher standards than other companies when it comes to data protection and privacy. The tech giant has used its privacy bona fides for marketing purposes, including speeches by CEO Tim Cook at major European data protection conferences.
In December 2020, Apple introduced privacy labels "to help you understand how apps handle your data". They faced criticism from the start. In January 2021, Washington Post columnist Geoffrey A. Fowler found more than a dozen false claims in privacy labels, including in a video app for children and a popular game. Fowler noted that the small print of the labels states that Apple does not always check the privacy information, but instead relies on occasional audits.
A year later, the situation is essentially the same. Kollnig found numerous popular apps in his analysis that collect more data than claimed. For example, the puzzle app of a large gaming company sends an ID number of users to numerous tracking services, contrary to its label. Tracking even happens within apps by government agencies. Kollnig found that the app of the Met Office, the UK´s national weather service, sends sensitive information such as GPS data to Google and Amazon and also - without any indication in the label - collects a user ID.
Apple declined to comment directly on Kollnig´s analysis. Contacted by netzpolitik.org, the tech giant only said that the information in the labels came from the developers, and that Apple focusses ongoing reviews on the most popular apps.
According to Kollnig, there is a practical reason why so much data from popular apps ends up with third parties. Tracking services are usually integrated into apps via so-called libraries. Libraries are subroutines that perform certain tasks in an app. Their use makes work easier for programmers, but means less control over the finished app. Many libraries come from companies like Google, and the tracking code is hidden in them. "App operators often have no way of verifying the program code of these libraries, because the tracking companies usually do not make their code public," says Kollnig.
Tracking offers app providers a way to make money through personalized advertising. "The need of app operators to earn money is understandable," says Kollnig. But the business comes at the expense of the users, who hardly know anything about the collected data. According to Kollnig, Big Tech companies deliberately make it difficult for app operators to use privacy-friendly alternatives. His thinks that in order for this to change, EU countries must start enforcing their privacy laws more vigorously.
Correction on Friday, January 21, 2022: The story initially misstated that one out of five apps, 299 in total, contacted known tracking domains immediately after the first app launch. We corrected that figure to four out of five. .
https://netzpolitik.org/2022/apple-datenschutzlabels-grossteil-angeblich-trackingfreier-ios-apps-sammelt-heimlich-daten/

Digital-service-act
How the data industry prevented the prohibition of survey-advertisement, netzpolitik.org, 02.20.2022
Das EU-Parlament will verhaltensbasierte Werbung und invasives Tracking einschränken. Eine Initiative zum Verbot der umstrittenen Überwachungswerbung ist jedoch gescheitert. Ein Bericht des Corporate Europe Observatory zeigt, dass das auch am mächtigen Lobbyismus von Google, Facebook und Co. liegt.
https://netzpolitik.org/2022/digitale-dienste-gesetz-wie-die-datenindustrie-ein-verbot-von-ueberwachungswerbung-verhinderte/

Up to one billion internet connections daily
Foreign secret agencies
How the BND surveys the internet, tagesschau.de, 05.15.2020
Nach Informationen von BR und "Spiegel" kann der BND offenbar auf mehr als eine Billion Internetverbindungen täglich zugreifen. Nächste Woche wird in Karlsruhe entschieden, ob die Überwachung rechtens ist.
[...] Das hängt auch mit der Daten-Auswertung zusammen, die der BND betreibt. Die Daten werden ihm unbearbeitet von deutschen Internet-Austauschknoten übergeben, auf Anordnung des Kanzleramtes hin. 23 solcher Knoten gibt es hierzulande, mit dem DE-CIX in Frankfurt am Main steht dem BND auch der Knoten mit dem weltweit höchsten Datendurchsatz zur Verfügung.
Techniker des DE-CIX stellten im Oktober 2019 auf Nachfrage des Verfassungsgerichtes Berechnungen an, um die Größe der Datenmenge abzuschätzen. Derzeit werde "ein durchschnittliches Volumen von rund 47,5 Billionen IP-Verkehrsverbindungen täglich vermittelt". Der BND sei technisch in der Lage, jeden Tag auf 1,2 Billionen Internet-Verbindungen aus dieser Gesamtmenge zuzugreifen.
Bevor der BND die Daten auswertet, werden sie in einem ersten Schritt anhand von IP-Adressen gefiltert. In einem der Dokumente führt die Bundesregierung aus, dass IP-Adressen "in Bezug auf eine Verortung auf Länderebene zu 96 bis 98 Prozent genau" seien. Doch nimmt man die mehr als eine Billion Verbindungen, die der BND täglich ausleiten kann, würden 24 Milliarden Rohdaten nicht umgehend gelöscht, wie vorgesehen, sondern einer weiteren Filterstufe zugeführt.
Die Internet-Verbindungen werden in einem zweiten Schritt automatisiert nach Meta- und Inhaltsdaten untersucht, also konkret geführten Gesprächen. Metadaten zeigen zum Beispiel, wer mit wem telefoniert, wann und wie lang. Mehr als 100.000 Suchbegriffe werden verwendet: von Telefonnummern und E-Mail-Adressen bis hin zu Namen chemischer Stoffe, mit denen sich Massenvernichtungswaffen herstellen lassen.
[...] Snowden enthüllte globale Überwachung
In welchem Ausmaß der BND über Jahre Telekommunikationsdaten abgegriffen und an den US-Geheimdienst NSA weitergeleitet hat, wurde durch die Enthüllungen des Whistleblowers Edward Snowden im Juni 2013 und im daraufhin vom Deutschen Bundestag eingesetzten NSA-Untersuchungsausschusses deutlich. Das Gremium beschäftigte sich unter anderem mit dem Projekt "Eikonal". Dabei erfasste der BND mindestens von 2004 bis 2008 über einen Kabelknoten der Deutschen Telekom in Frankfurt am Main Daten und leitete sie an den US-Geheimdienst NSA weiter - offenbar ohne wirkliche rechtliche Grundlage.
Nach wie vor ist umstritten, ob sich darunter auch Daten deutscher Staatsbürger befunden haben. Ein Mitarbeiter der beim BND zuständigen Abteilung, den der NSA-Untersuchungsausschuss mehrfach als Zeugen vernommen hatte, wies entsprechende Medienberichte damals zurück: "Meines Wissens wurde aus diesem Ansatz kein Datum eines Deutschen abgeleitet." Grüne und Linke zogen am Schluss der Ausschussarbeit ein gegenteiliges Fazit: "Eikonal wuchs dem BND über den Kopf."
Unter anderem deswegen trat am 31. Dezember 2016 ein neues BND-Gesetz in Kraft. Für Armin Schuster - auch er wie von Notz Mitglied im PKGr - ist die Kontrolle des BND bereits jetzt streng: "Deutschland wirft im weltweiten Datenmeer nicht ein Schleppnetz aus, sondern arbeitet mit der Harpune und das wird intensiv kontrolliert."
In Berlin rechnet man aber damit, dass in Karlsruhe der Beschwerde zumindest in Teilen stattgeben wird.
https://www.tagesschau.de/investigativ/br-recherche/bnd-urteil-101.html

Dossier: eavesdropping by the state, netzpolitik.org, 2021
Von angezapften Unterseekabeln über die neueste Ausweitung von Staatstrojanern bis zum Datenmissbrauch durch Polizeibeamte - wir berichten seit Jahren über staatliche Überwachungsmaßnahmen und ihren Einsatz. Damit ihr keine tiefgreifenden Änderungen verpasst und den Überblick behaltet, sammeln wir in diesem Dossier alle unsere Artikel zum Thema staatlicher Überwachung. Wir bleiben für euch dran.
https://netzpolitik.org/staatliche-ueberwachung/
...
https://netzpolitik.org/2021/neues-dossier-zu-ueberwachung-auf-dem-laufenden-bleiben/
https://netzpolitik.org/2017/chronik-des-ueberwachungsstaates/
https://netzpolitik.org/2021/ueberwachungsgesamtrechnung-mehr-als-die-summe-der-einzelteile/
https://netzpolitik.org/2021/forschungsbericht-schockierendes-ausmass-von-biometrischer-ueberwachung-in-europa/
https://netzpolitik.org/2021/finfisher-wir-verklagen-das-bka-auf-den-staatstrojaner-vertrag/
https://netzpolitik.org/2021/staatstrojaner-pegasus-wir-muessen-die-gesamte-ueberwachungsindustrie-in-frage-stellen/
...

How all began
Five years lasting fight against End-to-End-encryption, netzpolitik.org, 02.12.2020
Die Regierungen der EU-Mitgliedstaaten wollen ihre Polizeien und Geheimdienste befähigen, Ende-zu-Ende-verschlüsselte Kommunikation zu umgehen oder mit technischen Werkzeugen auszuhebeln. Ein Rückblick.
https://netzpolitik.org/2020/wie-alles-anfing-fuenf-jahre-kampf-gegen-ende-zu-ende-verschluesselung/

Überwachung
36 Millionen Euro: ZITiS baut Supercomputer zur Entschlüsselung, netzpolitik.org, 16.10.2018
Die Hacker-Behörde ZITiS will einen Hochleistungsrechner bauen, um verschlüsselte Daten zu entziffern. Das geht aus dem 36 Millionen Euro teuren Haushaltsentwurf der Behörde hervor, den wir veröffentlichen. Nach wie vor sucht ZITiS Staats-Hacker, aktuell ist nur die Hälfte der Stellen belegt.
Die IT-Behörde ZITiS soll nächstes Jahr 36,7 Millionen Euro bekommen, 20 Prozent mehr als dieses Jahr. Die vor anderthalb Jahren gegründete "Zentrale Stelle für IT im Sicherheitsbereich" hilft Polizei und Geheimdiensten bei der technischen Überwachung. Wir veröffentlichen an dieser Stelle das bisher unveröffentlichte ZITiS-Kapitel aus dem Bundeshaushalt sowie eingestufte Informationen aus dem Bundesinnenministerium.
Von diesem Geld wollen die staatlichen Hacker "hochmoderne technische Ausstattung" kaufen. Ganz oben auf der Wunschliste steht ein Hochleistungsrechner, "der vorrangig im Bereich der Kryptoanalyse genutzt wird" - also zur Entschlüsselung. Dieser Supercomputer hat "höchste Priorität" für die ZITiS-Abnehmer Verfassungsschutz, Bundeskriminalamt und Bundespolizei.
Vor zwei Wochen wurde bekannt, dass ZITiS auch einen Quantencomputer einsetzen will. Ob Supercomputer und Quantencomputer verschiedene Projekte sind, will ZITiS auf Anfrage nicht verraten: "Zu unseren Projekten und verwendeten Technologien können wir keine Auskunft geben." Da die Entwicklung nutzbarer Quantencomputer jedoch noch in den Kinderschuhen steckt, dürfte der Hochleistungsrechner ein eigenes Projekt sein, der zeitnah in Betrieb gehen soll.
Staatstrojaner für mobile Endgeräte
In den anderen Arbeitsfeldern rüstet ZITiS ebenfalls auf, wobei zwei besonderes Gewicht erhalten. Im Bereich der Digitalen Forensik forscht und entwickelt ZITiS unter anderem an "Passwortsuche" und der "Auswertung von Smartphones". Bisher haben Polizeibehörden sieben verschiedene Software-Tools gekauft, um beschlagnahmte Mobilgeräte auszulesen. Dieser Wildwuchs soll bei ZITiS vereinheitlicht werden.
Im Bereich Telekommunikationsüberwachung (TKÜ) arbeitet ZITiS an zwei Projekten, die bisher beim BKA angesiedelt waren. ZITiS setzt das "Projekt INTLI" (Internationale Zusammenarbeit in der TKÜ) fort, "das sich mit der Standardisierung des Austauschs von TKÜ-Daten auf Grundlage der Rahmenrichtlinie Europäische Ermittlungsanordnung beschäftigt". Die EU-Richtlinie ermöglicht grenzüberschreitende Überwachung von Telekommunikation.
ZITiS will auch die Entwicklung von Staatstrojanern vorantreiben. Mit dem "Projekt SMART" soll ZITiS das BKA unterstützen "bei der Entwicklung einer Quellen-TKÜ-Lösung für mobile Endgeräte", also einem Trojaner zum Abhören von Kommunikation. Das BKA hatte für sechs Millionen Euro den Staatstrojaner "RCIS" programmiert, der seit diesem Jahr auch Smartphones infizieren und abhören kann. Jetzt wollen ZITiS und BKA die Software gemeinsam weiterentwickeln.
Hacker gegen IT-Unsicherheitsbehörde
Insgesamt will ZITiS nächstes Jahr mehr als zehn Millionen Euro für Investitionen ausgeben, über elf Millionen sind für Personal geplant. Das Innenministerium bezeichnet die Personalgewinnung als "anspruchsvoll" und "eine zentrale Herausforderung". Vom Behördensprech übersetzt: Nur wenige IT-Experten wollen für den Staat hacken. Der BND nannte das mal "knappe Ressource brillantes Personal".
Derzeit hat ZITiS erst "74 der im Kalenderjahr 2018 zur Verfügung stehenden 150 Planstellen belegt". Fast die Hälfte der bisher eingestellten Mitarbeiter*innen ist in Verwaltung und Leitung tätig. Das existierende "MINT-Fachpersonal" arbeitet nicht nur in der Umsetzung der Aufgaben, sondern auch bei internen IT-Diensten und Beratung. Zwei Drittel der Angestellten kommen aus anderen Behörden, nur ein Drittel sind "Externe".
Falk Garbsch, Sprecher des Chaos Computer Clubs, kommentiert gegenüber netzpolitik.org:

Es ist gut zu sehen, dass Hacker offenbar keinerlei Interesse haben, für eine IT-Unsicherheitsbehörde zu arbeiten. Die Community hat schon vor vielen Jahren verstanden, was verbohrte Politiker nicht akzeptieren wollen: Das Ausnutzen und Offenhalten von Sicherheitslücken ist ein nachhaltiges Risiko für Unternehmen, kritische Infrastrukturen und Zivilgesellschaft. Statt Steuergelder in absurde Angriffsphantasien zu verschwenden, wird es Zeit für Investitionen in das konsequente Schließen von Sicherheitslücken.

Der Regierungsentwurf zum Bundeshaushalt 2019 wird derzeit im Bundestag verhandelt. Bisher hat die Große Koalition keine Änderungen bezüglich ZITiS beantragt oder beschlossen. Anträge der Opposition werden üblicherweise abgelehnt. Ende November soll der Haushalt im Bundestag verabschiedet werden.
Hier die Dokumente in Volltext:
Ministerium: Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat
Stand: 17. August 2018
...
https://netzpolitik.org/2018/36-millionen-euro-zitis-baut-supercomputer-zur-entschluesselung/

MS Windows
One, two, three, four state trojans, netzpolitik.org, 21.03.2019
[...] ZITiS ist nicht die einzige deutsche Hacker-Behörde. Das Bundeskriminalamt kann aktuell drei Staatstrojaner einsetzen, ein vierter wird zur Zeit programmiert.
Fortsetzung des Berichts: in Kürze, nach dem Listing von trojaner-board.de!

New analyzes-platform: check Windows-driver against trojans, trojaner-info.de, 12.27.2021
Microsoft bietet einen neuen Online-Service an, bei dem Entwickler und Sicherheitsforscher sich verdächtig verhaltende Treiber zur Analyse hochladen können.
Oft laufen Windows-Treiber mit Kernel-Rechten. Schafft es ein Angreifer an dieser Stelle manipulierend einzugreifen, könnte er Malware tief im System verankern. Um dem vorzubeugen, stellt Microsoft ab sofort eine Analyse-Plattform für Treiber bereit.
https://www.trojaner-info.de/daten-sichern-verschluesseln/aktuelles/neue-analyse-plattform-windows-treiber-auf-trojaner-untersuchen.html

Warning, 2022: The war of the technocracy against humand kind will be proceeded, uncut-news.ch, 04.01.2022
Am letzten Tag des Jahres 2021 gibt es keinen besseren Zeitpunkt, um über die jüngsten Erfolge der Technokratie und ihre wahrscheinliche Entwicklung im Jahre 2022 nachzudenken.
Über Weihnachten habe ich meine "Zwölf Tage der Technokratie"-Artikel vorgestellt, die ursprünglich im Dezember 2019 geschrieben wurden. Obwohl diese unten auf der Startseite von Technocracy.news erscheinen, hatten viele Menschen sie nicht gelesen.
Die Absicht dieser Artikel war es, eine Einführung in die Technokratie zu geben, die verschiedene Themen wie Zentralbankwesen, Wissenschaft, Bildung und Politikwissenschaft umfasst. Es war eine passende Art und Weise, das Jahr 2019 abzuschließen.
Zu jedermanns Schock und Bestürzung begann die Große Panik von 2020 (mein Ausdruck) einen Monat später im Januar.
https://uncutnews.ch/warnung-2022-der-krieg-der-technokratie-gegen-die-menschheit-wird-fortgesetzt/

Zero by Gooken noticed "Universal Linux" errata since 2021

"Why Linux is better than Windows", leading expert Cosinus from trojaner-board.de, 2007 up to now (2021)
The quit endless Windows-failure-lists - All the problems of MS Windows users
https://www.trojaner-board.de/sitemap/f-16.html
https://www.trojaner-board.de/sitemap/f-16-p2.html
https://www.trojaner-board.de/sitemap/f-16-p3.html
...
...
https://www.trojaner-info.de
...

"The internet must get away!"
Schlecky Silberstein surfs in our filterbubble
Christian Brandes aka Schlecky Silberstein would like to forbid this medium, that feeds him. In "The internt must get away" the blogger describes, how we get misused and brainwashed by algorithms, trolls and tech-companies. But isn´t he a part of it too? A recension.
https://netzpolitik.org/2018/schlecky-silberstein-surft-in-unserer-filterbubble/
Reader opinion by Gooken
Many people share this opinion, so what´s wrong with it?.

Expert about privacy: "I always ask myself, why the people do still make this through", STERN.de, 06.09.2019
Marc Al-Hames knows all tricks about the advertisment industry. In an interview with the Stern he explained, why sudden confessions for data-protection of some companies can not be taken seriously and tells us about the defference between Apple and Google in the point data protection.
[...]."Facebook for example never understood privacy matters up to now."
[...] "Surveys showed the biggest amount of user not reading business conditions (AGB) and to follow the ones, who want."
https://www.stern.de/digital/online/datenschutz---die-werbe-industrie-kann-uns-ueber-alle-geraete-hinweg-verfolgen--denen-entgeht-nichts--8723748.html

Hacker organize themselves more and more professionelly, trojaner-info.de, 12.22.2021
Im Laufe des Jahres 2021 haben Cyberkriminelle ihre Untergrund-Ökosysteme immer besser organisiert, sodass im neuen Jahr mit noch professionelleren Angriffsmustern gerechnet werden muss.
Insbesondere Ransomware-Gruppen suchen laut den Sicherheitsexperten von Radware zunehmend Verbündete unter erfahrenen Auftragshackern, die sich über die Gewinne aus großen Erpressungskampagnen freuen.
https://www.trojaner-info.de/daten-sichern-verschluesseln/aktuelles/hacker-organisieren-sich-immer-professioneller.html

Inspite of vaccinations:

Coronavirus-pandemic: Incidence increasest the fifth day again, tagesschau.de, 17.10.2021
Laut dem Robert Koch-Institut ist die Sieben-Tage-Inzidenz den fünften Tag in Folge gestiegen. RKI-Chef Wieler geht von einem Anstieg der Corona-Infektionszahlen in diesem Herbst aus.
https://www.tagesschau.de/newsticker/liveblog-corona-sonntag-127.html

Germany
Responsible for the 2G-advertisement-booklet of the RKI full of deceits, uncut-news.ch, 14.10.2021
Das Robert-Koch-Institut hat jüngst eine Werbebroschüre für die 2-G-Reglung veröffentlicht, die voller Falschaussagen und irreführender Auslassungen steckt. Verantwortlich zeichnet eine im Sommer 2020 gestartete Projektgruppe der Behörde unter Leitung einer promovierten Psychologin. Früher hätte man diese Gruppe wahrscheinlich Propagandaabteilung genannt. Propaganda ist der Versuch der gezielten Beeinflussung des Denkens, Handelns und Fühlens von Menschen. Wer Propaganda betreibt, verfolgt damit immer ein bestimmtes Interesse. (…) Charakteristisch für Propaganda ist, dass sie die verschiedenen Seiten einer Thematik nicht darlegt und Meinung und Information vermischt. Wer Propaganda betreibt, ...
https://norberthaering.de/news/2g-werbebroschuere-lamberti/
https://uncutnews.ch/wer-fuer-die-2g-werbebroschuere-des-rki-voller-taeuschungen-verantwortlich-zeichnet/

Scoring
You must get active! The financial takeover of your bank account- BlackRock, Envestnet/Yodlee and the Federal Reserve, uncut-news.ch, 08.16.2021
coreysdigs.com: Haben Sie schon einmal von Yodlee gehört? Ich auch nicht, bis ich entdeckte, dass das Unternehmen meine Daten in meinem Bankkonto sammelt und sie wahrscheinlich an Dritte verkauft. Dies wurde schnell zu einer persönlichen Recherche, bis ich erschütternde Zusammenhänge entdeckte, von denen ich erkannte, dass die Öffentlichkeit darauf aufmerksam gemacht werden muss. Bevor Sie beschließen, dass dies nichts mit Ihnen zu tun hätte, bitte ich Sie dringend, diesen Artikel in seiner Gesamtheit zu lesen und die zeitlichen Abläufe genau zu beachten, denn dies betrifft SIE ALLE, und es wird in mehreren Ländern eingeführt. Ich empfehle Ihnen, sich bei Ihrer Bank zu erkundigen und herauszufinden, welche Drittparteien in Ihre Konten verwickelt sind, und die Möglichkeit in Betracht zu ziehen, Ihre Gelder zu einer kleineren lokalen Bank zu transferieren. Hier geht es nicht nur um Spionage und Datenaggregation, sondern um einen strukturellen Aufbau, der uns in das System der Sozial- und Klimabilanz und noch darüber hinaus bringen soll. Und Biden schreibt die Anordnungen, um den Rahmen zu schaffen, den BlackRock ausgearbeitet hat.
Untersuchen Sie Ihre Bank, Finanzinstitute und Ihre Konten
Kurze Zusammenfassung
Um es kurz zusammenzufassen: Mir war aufgefallen, dass mein Bankkonto meine Ausgaben plötzlich in Gruppen wie Einkommen, Gesundheit &Fitness, Essen &Trinken, Reisen, Dienstleistungen für Unternehmen, Haustierbedarf usw. einteilte. Mir war sofort klar, wohin das führen würde, und ich ärgerte mich besonders über die Kategorie "Einkommen", in der Gelder falsch ausgewiesen wurden, die auf Drängen der Marionette Biden direkt an das Finanzamt weitergeleitet werden sollen. Um ein soziales Punktesystem dafür zu schaffen, wie und wo man sein Geld ausgeben kann oder Zugang zu Orten oder Dienstleistungen erhält, und damit die Regierung jeden ausgegebenen Cent ausspionieren kann, muss zunächst eine Struktur aufgebaut werden. Ich habe schnell nach dem Haftungsausschluss von Drittanbietern gesucht, um zu sehen, wer meine persönlichen Finanzdaten organisiert, und fand: "Kontoaggregationsdienste werden von Yodlee, unserem Drittanbieter, bereitgestellt. Die Daten werden von Yodlee bezogen oder manuell eingegeben". Ich ging dann zu dem Abschnitt, der es angeblich ermöglicht, die Weitergabe von Daten einzuschränken, aber die Einschränkung von Yodlee war keine Option. Ich rief meine Bank an und fragte, wann der Vertrag begann, und mir wurde gesagt, 2017. Ich fragte, was Yodlee außer dieser neuen Kategorie-Aggregation noch mit meinem Bankkonto zu tun hat, und mir wurde mitgeteilt, dass sie nichts finden konnten. Ich fragte, ob sie meine Daten verkaufen würden, und der Mann wusste es nicht. Ich bat darum, die Daten zu löschen, und mir wurde gesagt, dass sie das nicht tun können. Ich erklärte, dass ich meine Konten schließen werde, wenn sie das nicht tun können, und wollte mit einem Manager sprechen. Mir wurde gesagt, ich würde einen Anruf erhalten. Das geschah nie, und Sie können darauf wetten, dass ich meine Gelder verschoben habe.
Wie Sie in der Zeitleiste unten sehen werden, ist Yodlee einer der größten Finanzaggregatoren, der auch Ihre Daten verkauft und gegen den eine Sammelklage läuft, aber das wird diesen Zug nicht aufhalten. Das Unternehmen wurde 2015 von Envestnet übernommen. Zum Vergleich: Envestnet arbeitet mit 17 der 20 größten Banken sowie mit 5.200 weiteren Banken, Finanzinstituten und Unternehmen zusammen. Sie betreuen 4,8 Billionen US-Dollar an Vermögenswerten, verwalten 229 Milliarden US-Dollar an Vermögenswerten und betreiben mehr als 2 Millionen Finanzpläne pro Quartal. Envestnet betreut täglich 500 Millionen aggregierte Konten.
Drei Jahre später, im Jahr 2018, erwarb BlackRock, der weltweit größte Vermögensverwalter, eine Kapitalbeteiligung an Envestnet und ging eine Partnerschaft mit dem Unternehmen ein, um seine Technologie mit der von Envestnet zu integrieren. Im darauffolgenden Jahr kamen der CEO von Envestnet und seine Frau bei einem tödlichen Autounfall ums Leben, kurz nachdem der "Going Direct"-Reset unterzeichnet worden war. Nur wenige Monate später beantragten drei Demokraten eine FTC-Untersuchung gegen Envestnet/Yodlee wegen Bedenken hinsichtlich des Datenschutzes für die Verbraucher (das ist lustig), wodurch Envestnet im Wesentlichen unter Druck gesetzt wurde. Dies ist nur die Spitze des Eisbergs, aber es ergibt sich ein gutes Bild, wenn man die nachstehende Zeitleiste betrachtet. Diese Zeitleiste hätte weit über 30 Seiten lang sein können, um die Beteiligung von BlackRock zu erläutern, da sie die NWO-Finanzshow leiten - aber dies ist dazu gedacht, das Bewusstsein der Menschen zu schärfen, damit sie ihre eigenen Banken untersuchen und selbst Entscheidungen darüber treffen können, mit wem sie Bankgeschäfte tätigen und wie sie ihre Finanzdaten und Finanzen schützen wollen.
BlackRock hat drei hochrangige Positionen im Weißen Haus inne, verwaltet 7,8 Billionen Dollar an Vermögenswerten anderer Leute und ist damit der größte Vermögensverwalter der Welt. Der Konzern ist unter den drei größten Anteilseignern aller großen Unternehmen und Branchen (sehen Sie selbst nach), investiert in großem Umfang in den "Klimawandel", meidet fossile Brennstoffe und hat einen Großteil seiner Konkurrenz verschlungen. Die Spitzenreiter BlackRock und Vanguard werden bis 2027 voraussichtlich 20 Billionen Dollar verwalten. Es ist keine Überraschung, dass BlackRock und das Weiße Haus in den Regierungen Clinton, Obama und Biden eine Drehtür hatten und haben. Nicht nur das Personal wechselt zwischen den beiden Unternehmen, auch Vorstandsmitglieder von BlackRock wie Cheryl Mills, die während der Zeit der Clintons im Weißen Haus für beide tätig war, scheinen zu BlackRock überzulaufen. Sie sind die Entwickler des "Going Direct Reset" und helfen, den Weg zu ebnen.
Unter dem Deckmantel der "finanziellen Wellness" und des "klimabedingten Finanzrisikos" haben sie die Finanzindustrie dazu gebracht, die Finanzdaten aller Menschen zu rationalisieren und zu überwachen, so dass sie sie durch ein soziales Bewertungssystem kontrollieren, Ihnen sagen können, wie und wo Sie Ihr Geld ausgeben sollen, und das, was ihrer Meinung nach an das Finanzamt gehen sollte, abschöpfen können. Darüber hinaus werden Billionen von Dollar den Besitzer wechseln, von den älteren Menschen zu den Millennials - und diese Leute haben in all dem ihre Finger. Schauen Sie sich den kompletten Zeitplan an, um zu verstehen, wie sich all diese Maßnahmen auf alle auswirken.
Wie ich bereits letztes Jahr anmerkte - als die Stimulus-Schecks direkt eingezahlt wurden - geschah dies, um eine umfassendere Datenbank zu erstellen, als sie sie bereits über die Bankkonten der US-Bürger angelegt hatten. Das war nur ein weiterer Baustein in ihrem großen Plan. Es ging nie darum, Groschen auf Ihr Konto zu bekommen, um Ihnen zu "helfen". In diesem Zusammenhang gelang es den PPP-Kleinunternehmensdarlehen auch, Finanzdaten über Kleinunternehmen und Landwirte im ganzen Land zu erhalten.
Dies war der größte manipulierte Vermögenstransfer, den dieses Land je erlebt hat. Das Jahr 2020 wird kristallklar werden, wenn Sie diesen gesamten Bericht gelesen haben.
"Einblicke" = Überwachung und Kontrolle
Wenn Sie sich Ihr Bankkonto ansehen, suchen Sie nach "Drittanbietern" und "Aggregatoren". Vielleicht stoßen Sie auf eine Erklärung wie die meiner Bank, warum sie Ihre Daten sammelt. Sie verpacken das Ganze mit viel Schnickschnack und suggerieren, dass sie das für Sie tun … "Sie möchten vielleicht, dass wir Ihnen nützliche Einblicke in Ihre Finanzen liefern …, damit Sie klügere finanzielle Entscheidungen treffen können." Wieder einmal wird Ihnen versichert, dass Sie nicht intelligent genug wären, um Ihr eigenes Geld zu verwalten, so wie Sie ein intelligentes Haus, ein intelligentes Telefon und eine intelligente Stadt brauchen, um zu überleben.
DIES ist der Rahmen für das soziale Punktesystem. So wird es gemacht: Indem man Ihre Gelder auf Ihren Bankkonten kategorisiert und gleichzeitig ESG-Bewertungen (Umwelt, Soziales und Unternehmensführung), die von anderen Finanzinstituten vorgenommen werden, in Bezug auf Investitionen zuweist. Diese werden wahrscheinlich auch auf Ihre Bankkonten angewendet werden, insbesondere mit Bidens neuer Durchführungsverordnung.
Die Kategorie "Einkommen" wird zwar nicht in der Dropdown-Liste aufgeführt (zumindest bei meiner Bank), aber sie ordnet verschiedenen Einlagen "Einkommen" zu, auch wenn es sich nicht wirklich um Einkommen handelt, was unter den einzelnen Einlagen ersichtlich ist. Letztendlich werden sie auch eine "ESG"-Spalte für klimabezogenes Tracking einrichten.
Sehen Sie sich diese 6-1/2-minütige Videozusammenfassung an, die The Sharp Edge auf der Grundlage dieses Berichts produziert hat. Es enthält zwar nicht alle Details in der ausführlichen Zeitleiste unten, fasst aber vieles über diese finanzielle Übernahme zusammen.
Die Zeitleiste spiegelt die wichtigsten Aktionen von BlackRock, Envestnet/Yodlee, Biden, der Federal Reserve, dem US-Finanzministerium, den Banken und dem IRS wider.
Diese Zeitleiste zeigt Ihnen nicht nur, wie diese Aggregatoren Ihre Daten abgreifen, weitergeben und den Rahmen für ein Sozial- und Klimabewertungssystem schaffen, sondern auch, wer dahinter steckt, wie sie diese Show veranstalten und wohin sich dieses Spiel entwickelt.
Auf diese Weise zielen Envestnet und wahrscheinlich alle Finanzinstitute darauf ab, dass die Menschen "die digitale Revolution annehmen". Sie sehen Millennials als "gewöhnt an Technologie und soziale Medien, und sie wollen nichts anderes, wenn es um ihr Finanzleben geht."
1999
Envestnet wurde gegründet
Judson Bergman und Bill Crager gründeten Envestnet in Chicago, Illinois, und haben inzwischen Niederlassungen im ganzen Land. Sie verfügen über zahlreiche Marken, die alle von Faegre Drinker Biddle &Reath LLP, nur eine halbe Meile von ihrem Büro entfernt, eingetragen wurden. Envestnet hat im Laufe der Jahre eine ganze Reihe von Unternehmen übernommen, darunter FolioDynamix, FDX Advisors, PIEtech MoneyGuide, Yodlee und andere.
1999
...
https://uncutnews.ch/sie-muessen-jetzt-ativ-werden-die-finanzielle-uebernahme-ihr-bankkonto-blackrock-envestnet-yodlee-und-die-federal-reserve/

George Orwell´s "1984" became to blueprint cyanotype for our dystopical reality, uncut-news.ch, 07.01.2021
Population control and the new world order (NWO)
Von John W. Whitehead & Nisha Whitehead
"If you want to get an image of our future, imagine yourself a boot treading upon a face - all the time.", George Orwell, 1984
28. Juni 2021, The Rutherford Institute
Read it with care: George Orwells (25. Juni 1903 - 21. Januar 1050) fiction became a manual for the modern, omnipresent surveillance state.
More than 70 years ago, Orwell, dying with fever and bloody fit of coughings - urged to warn in the roman 1984 against the arise of a society, the unhalted misuse of power and mass maniipulation, faschism and totalitarity as a result of the increasing use of technology.
https://uncutnews.ch/george-orwells-1984-wurde-zur-blaupause-fuer-unsere-dystopische-wirklichkeit/

World Economic Forum / Cyber Polygon: Power off each device from the internet, uncut-news.ch, 06.29.2021
A little video intimating the solution for protection of the Cyber Poligon Simulation for each possible "cyber attack" as an aim for the event: The abolition of the internet.
https://uncutnews.ch/world-economic-forum-cyber-polygon-jedes-einzelne-geraet-vom-internet-trennen/

Increasing amount of cyberattacks
Clinics in the visor of hacker, tagesschau.de, 28.06.2021
https://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/technologie/cybersicherheit-infrastruktur-hacker-kliniken-cybercrime-101.html

Computer - es geht (ging) kaum noch kaputter!

Microsoft does not have to fear a class action lawsuit against Windows 10, PC-WELT.de, 11.30.2015 | 14:41 o´clock | Denise Bergert


#WE#TOO: Computer - es geht (ging) kaum noch kaputter: Company smashing of Facebook, Googke, Amazon, Microsoft, Intel (Meltdown&Spectre), Apple and many more west-companies multi-times postulated by many organistations and persons
Details in future!

Betrayer&1#8;s getting serious hard to investigate
Hunderte Spendenmillionen versickern, tagesschau.de, 09.07.2019
Nach Recherchen von Report Mainz werden jedes Jahr Hunderte Millionen Euro an Spendengeldern nicht ordnungsgemäß verwendet. Die Rechtslage macht es Betrügern dabei leicht.
https://www.tagesschau.de/investigativ/report-mainz/spendenbetrug-101.html

"I have never been betrayed like that!"
#34c3: The eavesdropping programs of the secret services, netzpolitik.org, 29.01.2018
"Ich bin noch nie so belogen worden", sagte Hans-Christian Ströbele über seine Arbeit im NSA-BND-Untersuchungsausschuss. In einem Gespräch mit Constanze Kurz resümiert der grüne Politiker die Ergebnisse der parlamentarischen Untersuchung.
https://netzpolitik.org/2018/34c3-die-lauschprogramme-der-geheimdienste/

Expert about privacy: "I always ask myself, why the people do still make it through", STERN.de, 09.06.2019
Marc Al-Hames kennt alle Tricks der Werbeindustrie. Im Gespräch mit dem Stern erklärt er, warum die plötzlichen Datenschutz-Bekenntnisse einiger Konzerne nicht ernstzunehmen sind und was der größte Unterschied zwischen Apple und Google in puncto Datenschutz ist.
[...]."Facebook zum Beispiel hat Privatsphäre nie verstanden und versteht sie auch jetzt nicht."
[...] "Umfragen zufolge liest der Großteil der Nutzer keine Geschäftsbedingungen und stimmt allen Anfragen zu."
https://www.stern.de/digital/online/datenschutz---die-werbe-industrie-kann-uns-ueber-alle-geraete-hinweg-verfolgen--denen-entgeht-nichts--8723748.html

Unwanted agreements
Howto change your data settings for more privacy at Telekom, Vodafone and o2, netzpolitik.org, 05.08.2021
https://netzpolitik.org/2021/ungewollte-dsgvo-einwilligungen-so-aenderst-du-deine-datenschutzeinstellungen-bei-telekom-vodafone-und-o2/

Innvoation of Apple
No tracking anymore - what does it mean?, tagesschau.de, 04.28.2021
What does come new with iOS 14.5?
https://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/apple-tracking-faq-101.html

... might be simliar to the computer...:

According to a study smartphones do share our data each four and a half minute, uncutnews, 31.03.2021
https://uncutnews.ch/laut-einer-studie-teilen-smartphones-unsere-daten-alle-viereinhalb-minuten/

Android-Studie of Professor Leith: Google-Handies do send away twenty times more data than iPhones, CHIP, 04.04.2021
Android-malware: Howto protect users against fake-updates
https://www.chip.de/news/Brisante-Android-Studie-enthuellt-Google-Handys-geben-20-Mal-mehr-Daten-weiter-als-iPhones_183434034.html
https://www.pcwelt.de/news/Android-sammelt-laut-Studie-20-mal-mehr-Daten-als-iOS-11004792.html

Except from non-profit organziation (that still should be viewed upon in News&Links critically) and some Raspberries, secure tor-relais (entry guards and exit nodes) are serious hard to find!

Digitalcourage e.V., digitalcourage.de
Since 1987 Digitalcourage e.V. is engaged in basic rights, data (privacy) protection and a livable world in the digital age. We are technique affine, but defend against our democracy getting "given away and sold out".
Since year 2000 we confer BigBrotherAwards. Digitalcourage is non-profit, financed by spends and is living from non-profit work. More about our work:
https://digitalcourage.de
https://digitalcourage.de/blog/2020/macht-der-digitalkonzerne#10
Get more to know about Digitalcourage from News&Links too!

During my last updates few days ago I have noticed the following ... under system - securityt ... each steps one does, goes and went, each side, even outside of the www...., is stored in the background, by date, time and location !, Pia Berling @ krone.at, 24.11.2020
Go into the system settings (system control) and deactivate all ticks!
Then delete under the action history, that is part of a network with the Google account and others!
But there is still not any gurantee, that your activities won´t be prosecuted completely anymore... at least one has done something against it!
My opinion is, that it is a good thing to deactivate the total eavesdropping.. by deactivating Cortana ( Linux-aquivalent to krunner and akonadi -> includes of akonadi through akonaditray) ... (what I all have already made long ago), to put of the cameras too, to use them only, if really needed! ... and further on ...
https://www.krone.at/2282872

Software combine SAP
With data theft to the too of the world?, tagesschau.de, 11.12.2021
Nach Recherchen von Fakt und dem "Spiegel" könnte der Diebstahl von geistigem Eigentum durch SAP eine lange Tradition haben. Bereits von 1997 bis 2008 soll der Konzern in Kooperation mit Universitäten Entwicklungen von Mitbewerbern missbraucht haben.
Neu aufgetauchte interne Dokumente werfen einen düsteren Schatten auf den Softwarekonzern SAP, dessen Management und den Aufsichtsrat. Nach Recherchen des ARD-Magazins Fakt und des "Spiegel" drängt sich das Bild eines Unternehmens auf, das sich offenbar auch mit unlauteren Methoden, vor allem Diebstahl geistigen Eigentums, an die Weltspitze getrickst hat.
Die Vorgänge reichen bis zurück in die 1990er-Jahre und sind in einem Gutachten der Wirtschaftskanzlei Linklaters von 2010 festgehalten. In Auftrag gegeben hatte es SAP selbst.
Hintergrund war der damalige Rechtsstreit mit Oracle. Der US-Erzrivale hatte SAP 2007 verklagt, weil die Deutschen durch die Übernahme des Softwaredienstleisters TomorrowNow an urheberrechtlich geschützte Dateien von Oracle-Servern herangekommen waren. In einem Vergleich musste SAP später 357 Millionen Dollar Schadenersatz an Oracle zahlen.
Im Zentrum steht ein Hopp-Vertrauter
Das Linklaters-Gutachten sollte klären, ob Haftungsansprüche gegen den damaligen Vorstand Gerhard Oswald bestehen - Oswald war für die TomorrowNow-Übernahme zuständig. In dem Dokument finden sich zahlreiche Hinweise darauf, dass Oswald und einer seiner Mitarbeiter von Urheberrechtsverletzungen wussten. Zudem soll der damalige SAP-Vorstand unter CEO Henning Kagermann alles gebilligt haben.
Die Konzernspitze zog aus dem Gutachten indes keine Konsequenzen. Oswald wurde sogar befördert, obwohl die Linklaters-Juristen empfohlen hatten, sich von ihm "geräuschlos" zu trennen. Oswald, ein Vertrauter von SAP-Gründer und Großaktionär Dietmar Hopp, blieb bis 2016 im Vorstand und sitzt seit 2019 im Aufsichtsrat.
Dubiose Kooperation zwischen Uni Mannheim und SAP
Fakt und "Spiegel" berichten zudem über eine dubiose Kooperation von SAP mit der Universität Mannheim ab 1997, bei der abermals Oswald eine zentrale Rolle spielte. Auch sie ist Gegenstand des Gutachtens. Offiziell ging es bei der Kooperation darum, Konkurrenzsoftware durch ein unabhängiges Institut untersuchen zu lassen, in diesem Fall die Forschungsgruppe Wirtschaftsinformatik der Uni Mannheim. Tatsächlich hätten SAP-Mitarbeiter unter dem Deckmantel der Kooperation die Konkurrenz ausspioniert. Selbst Interventionen der Rechtsabteilung, des Compliance-Teams und der Revision seien weitgehend ignoriert worden.
Nach Informationen von Fakt und "Spiegel" zog SAP bis vor das Bundesverfassungsgericht, um die Staatsanwaltschaft Mannheim daran zu hindern, das Gutachten als Beweis in einem Ermittlungsverfahren gegen die SAP-Vorstände wegen Urheberrechtsverletzungen zu verwenden. Die Beamten waren auf das Dokument 2011 bei einer Razzia in der Konzernzentrale gestoßen.
Das höchste deutsche Gericht nahm die Verfassungsbeschwerde seinerzeit nicht an. Das Strafverfahren gegen die Vorstände wurde Ende 2017 eingestellt, SAP musste allerdings 250.000 Euro an die Staatskasse zahlen.
SAP teilte auf Anfrage mit, die Urheberrechtsverletzungen von TomorrowNow seien Gegenstand des Verfahrens mit Oracle gewesen, das einvernehmlich beigelegt wurde und abgeschlossen sei. Die Vorgänge rund um die Universität Mannheim seien intern umfassend aufbereitet worden. Der Schutz geistigen Eigentums bilde das Fundament aller SAP-Lösungen.
https://www.tagesschau.de/investigativ/mdr/sap-geistiges-eigentum-101.html

United Absurdistan - Judas Judäa - USA-81/82/1911/The Empire- US-republicans (quot;the farmer-party") & Co.
Do we all have to mutate now (since 1981/82) into his (labor-)rats or pigs, cows and battery chickens?
... in order to create and fead the growing big elefant in dizzier and dizzier heights?, someone once wanted to know.
Clever and Smart, NY83 (oh, by the way company foundation year of Microsoft...): "The next number without net!"

Allicance: Five Eyes, Nine Eyes, ...
"We kill people on the base of meta-data"
Hacking and Eavesdropping, netzpolitik.org, 02.24.2020
https://netzpolitik.org/2020/ist-whatsapp-sicher-genug-fuer-die-diplomatie/
https://netzpolitik.org/2020/is-whatsapp-safe-for-diplomats/

Linux
"Üh, äh, böh: This is as stupid as Windows!", trojaner-board.de, Linux Forum

"Thank you, Linux, you have made Microsoft rich!"
Hard to install Linux, hard to configure, hard to secure it really up, many updates, not all device drivers, discussable design, changing libraries, unsolved dependencies, missing software for special professional business work...
Debian based on the package-manager dpkg, syncatpic and just the for a long time based awful rare feautered, shaby aptitude, while Mandriva awaits with rpm, urpmi, yum and the user-friendly drakconf for administration ...
System crashed serious hard up to dbus-update from year 2019.
KDE caused system breakdowns. It got stable for the first time since a python-update in 2016.
A lot of lacks in security and weak points (exploits) had to be solved.

Gooken-Exkurs provides security for the computer.



Zero by Gooken noticed "Universal Linux" errata since 2021

"Why Linux is better than Windows", leading MS-Windows-expert Cosinus from trojaner-board.de, 2007 up to now (2021)
The quit endless Windows-failure-lists - All the problems of MS Windows users
https://www.trojaner-board.de/sitemap/f-16.html
https://www.trojaner-board.de/sitemap/f-16-p2.html
https://www.trojaner-board.de/sitemap/f-16-p3.html
...
...
https://www.trojaner-info.de

...

Welcome in the virtual world - Security and more in the internet, trojaner-info.de, 12.07.2021
The internet has changed the society inherently. Not just 50 years before, the telephone set in the own house was seldom.
Today billions of people are surfing each day in the internet, what has led into plenty of changes in many sectors. If advertisement, if criminality, all this happening in the real world became partially true within the net. But how can you protect against its criminality and what advantages does the web provide for companies?
[...] There are plenty of betraying methods and criminalse got more und more inventive. Indeed, meanwhile authorities found out the machination and police authorities have got more and more to do with the inverstigation in virtual crime. However wants to achieve a high security level must pay attention to many important factors.
https://www.trojaner-info.de/business-security/aktuell/willkommen-in-der-virtuellen-welt-sicherheit-und-mehr-im-internet.html

[ UNSOLVED: kernel-5.4.134 and actual kernel-5.4.151: unwanted root-processes got highly active causing many readwrites onto harddisc, whenever starting Pale Moon and tor (el7, rosa2016.1) each surrounded by firejail (OpenSuSE 15.2) ]
E-mail from Gooken to kernel-maintainer Greg Kroah-Hartmann gregkh@linuxfoundation.org and other Linux-kernel-experts

Date: 07.24.2021
Subject/Betreff: Unwanted hyperactive root-processes reading and writing out the whole SSD/harddrive ! / Kernel-5.4.134 (pclos) -> Apparmor / Tor (OpenSuSE) usw. etc.: Freigabe von Informationen, Ausführen von Code mit höheren Privilegien und beliebiger Kommandos in Linux, Erzeugung, Lesen und Überschreiben beliebiger Dateien


Hi, Greg, dear Linux experts and friends,

this is one of the most dangerous and worst things, Linux can happen!
Refering to the actual kernel 5.4.134 ( now up to the actual version 5.4.151 and higher, additional remark from 10.08.2021), there still is a problem with root-processes activated running highly active (making the tower-LED causing readwrites onto harddiscs and making the SSD/harddrive blink serious-madly hard during up to 20 minutes). The whole SSD/harddrive seems to get read out and overwritten!


The unwanted, highly by tor (pclos, mga7) resp. firejail activated kernel-root-processes are named

kworker/u2:1-kcryptd/253:2 (escpecially this one, CPU: gt; 10%, sometimes over 3600 % measured by ksysguard)
kworker/0:1H-kblockd
dmcrypt_write/2 and
jbd2/dm2--8

Now these processes (that might always get activated) make up the system (of the processes) through their unexpected high activity greater all other ones, even X11/X, making the LED for readwrites of my tower always blink !

This occurs since kernel around 5.4.134 (and again in 5.4.151), whenever I start browsing (with Pale Moon), activating firejail and tor (el7) too. Both, Pale Moon and tor are always started within firejail. The LED seems to blink (and processes work such active) until tor builds up the connection to a Guard node.
Please patch the kernel-5.4 to prevent it in future!
Please patch the kernel-5.4 to prevent it in future!
Regards
Gooken

Appendix
libapparmor.so.required by firejail (OpenSuSE 15.X) needed by tor (rosa2016.1, mga7) must be the cause for the activation as much as high activity of some root-processes!
I have got no other explanation.
Kernel security module apparmor itself got deactivated within the kernel by my boot-parameters "security=none" and "apparmor=none".

After tor and firejail version got changed from OpenSuSE 15.X to mga7 (firejail) resp. to CentOS el7 (Tor), so that libapparmor.so.1 is not required anymore, such root-processes did not get activated resp. active too much!
But they did appear unexectedly again in kernel-5.4.151 !
Restoring Linux with kernel-5.4.150 from my rescuing media (one more 128GB-SSD), this problem disappeared - no such root-processes started. But I do not believe it got really solved by this or generally!

So I still await your patches for kernel-5.4.


Regards
Gooken


Thanks a lot for your answer!

No, no malware, all is linux (rpm) checked well,
no, nothing can cause it - except, as you wrote, a browser-extension.

I do believe more in firejail as the reason.

Yes, Pale Moon starts within sandbox firejail and the start envokes tor too. An extension or firejail might be faulty, but why should kernel-root-processes react that way each time Pale Moon gets started?
The kernel should find out it itself, not making himself to such threatening jerk, whenever the user just wants to surf in the internet!
Regards
Gooken

10.27.2021
Hello, today it manages us (Gooken) to prevent the highly active kernel-processes from above after a look into the home-directory of tor (/home/surfuser).
There the size of a file increases all the times during the activation of tor surrounded by firejail (that causes the high activity of the kernel-processes), it is named:

cached-microdesc-consensus

and its size was incredible high (much over 100 MB)!

It prevents Tor from building up any connection, so I had to wait up to 20 minutes.

Deleting it did not help: This file occured and larges its size again.

So we set integrity on it (this file) by "chattr +i" and belonging firejail-rule. Now the problem described next indeed got solved, Tor immediately builds up connections, kernel-processes activity lowered to the current percentage far below 10 percent and the tower-LED for readwrites stopped blinking,
but nevertheless this is not really a good solution,
tor or firejail and kernel (here 5.4) of course still have to get patched ! ( !!! )
------------------------

[ UNSOLVED : Linux, all kernel, all LUKS (cryptsetup): Already the login for the mount of the LUKS-encrypted root-partition during the boot each trial fails !, Gooken, 06.06.2022 ]
This happens because of the wrong coding of special chars making up the password typed in from keyboard, so that the paragraph sign ("§" might be taken as a "#" and further more.
Even the further below mentioned assignments through setkey of such special chars to the meant ones (like paragraph sign for # and further more) in /boot/grub/menu.lst from below, does not help here anyhow!
The only thing to get logged into the system for the decryption of the LUKS-encrypted root-partition one can do is typing in the character following such assignments, so that the paragraph sign and further more is understood as they should. So make yourself confident with the character sets from keyboard how they got really get understood by Linux. We hope, this all gets patched one d

/boot/grub/menu.lst:
setkey y z
setkey z y
setkey Y Z
setkey Z Y
setkey equal parenright
setkey parenright parenleft
setkey parenleft asterisk
setkey doublequote at
setkey plus bracketright
setkey minus slash
setkey slash ampersand
setkey ampersand percent
setkey percent caret
setkey underscore question
setkey question underscore
setkey semicolon less
setkey less numbersign
setkey numbersign backslash
setkey colon greater
setkey greater bar
setkey asterisk braceright
timeout 10
password --md5 ...
default 0
title 008win1smp
password --md5 $.../
...

[ UNSOLVED: Kernel-5.10.52 (pclos, PCLinuxOS) causes restarts during the boot of KDE (4.3.4, 4.4.9 and 4.4.11-update-mix out of el6-mdv2010.2-OpenSuSE11.2-kukuk) right before the KDE-welcome-sound is played ] and udev-hotplug does not exist anymore
This problem remained unsolved: Using Kernel 5.4, this problem got not solved by us, Gooken.
Maybe this kernel gets patched by linuxfoundation in future.

---

Transport encryption part 3, HTTPS with TLS 1.3 in practice, 06.11.18 | author / editorial staff: Filipe Pereira Martins und Anna Kobylinska / Peter Schmitz
TLS 1.3 promises more security for encrypted HTTPS-connections. Unfortunately the implementation is full of perfidies and suprises.
However wants to have a secure HTTPS-encryption, does the best to think once again about the TLS-configuration, as good intentions for data protection without modern transport encryption do not make any sense.
As the vulnerabilities for TLS-protocols up to version 1.2 got explored and known well (see the report "TLS 1.3 - much hot air or a big breakthrough?") it seems to be obvious, that snooping (eavesdropping on https-encrypted connections does happen much more often than one likes to accept. TLS 1.3 really helps.
All begins with the problem, that total resignment from TLS 1.2-fallback for clients with missing support for TLS 1.3 is no theme for the next time.
[...] A robust transport encryption has got its own shady sides: malware can get through without noticing.
During the use of TLS up to version 1.2 (especially by RSA-Ciphers) IT-experts are abled to examine malefic payloads of the data transfer right before passing through the company data center. The communication was read out by so-called middleboxes, it got deciphered, analyzed and forwarded. With TLS 1.3 this kind of monitoring belongs to the past, as each connection is build-up is by Diffie-Hellman-keys - no chance for the so called "deep-packet inspection", as the communication can not be deciphered in real-time as before.
https://www.security-insider.de/https-mit-tls-13-in-der-praxis-a-714096/

Mouseclick-fast: Secure surfing with TLS 1.3
Firefox-ESR >= 52.9 : >= Includes of lib64nss3 (mga7, pclos or nss (fc, ...) and libssl3.so.1.1.1d (well-patched openssl-1.1.1d (fc29) or libssl3.so.1.1.1a (certified openssl-1.1.1a, fc27) to /usr/lib64/firefox/libssl3.so (installation directory)

We believe, all browser became out of date: Noone´t;s more secure and better!
Orbot (Tor-Proxy) and PrivacyBrowser or Tor-Browser for Smartphones, desktop with Firefox (OpenSuSE, SL/CentOS) or especially Pale Moon (pclos, palemoon.org with exchange of nss (Pale Moon) with nss (el8) except libsoftokn()(64bit) ), both upon Tor? https://www.pro-linux.de/news/1/27587/weitere-sicherheitsl%C3%BCcken-in-intel-prozessoren.html

Gooken empfiehlt den sicheren Messenger Ginlo von der Deutschen Post AG für Android ab Version 5

[ Next Signal messenger error got solved in version 5.34.10 ], Gooken, 04.11.2022

From: Gooken
To: Developer of messanger Signal (USA)
Permanent Signal Error Report all versions since October 2021 up to now, Gooken, 01.15.2022 - 03.25.2022
All actual Signal versions (up from October 2021) do not delete/remove and share any messages and further on upon our Android 4.4.2 - Smartphone armabiV7a anymore, belonging menu always leads into crash followed by a restart of Signal.
We mailed this several times to you and also delivered the error log with all the system information to youi as you postulated so much from us.
So why don´t you patch it to make it work again it already did before?
And why do elder versions only run just for some days giving the hint to download the actual version?
What the hell do you patch within the many, many updates you always provide?
As Signal should run up from Android 4.4+, as you published everywhere for it´s system requirements, do not force us all the time to buy a newer Smartphone with a more actual Android anymore.
And do not let us download all your so called patched newer versions with more than scrappy 40 MB full of suspicous code each apk!
Versions before end of October 2021 do indicate only working for some days (about one or two weeks) for considering themself as too old.
What I mean is, Signal does neither share, nor delete nor ... messages anymore upon Android 4.4.2 resp. 4.4.4. The menu crashes each election!
WhatsApp´s and a lot of Apps on my Smartphone and many Linux on my Computer is working fine - how can it happen?
Regards,
Gooken
We have sent several Signal-debug-protocols to the developers, but they still didn´r patch it.

But at first we talk about:

Via Browser for Smartphones, legendary (compared with Firefox or Chrome with more than 70 MB each browser):

• Comfortable, secure smartphone-browser, just 0.86 MB sized apk, version > 4.3.3 from 12.2021
• OpenSource,
• also for elder Smartphones,
• all needed functions,
• tabs,
• location release and blocking
• user agent switcher,
• pop-up-blocker,
• adblocker,
• internal filter ( one more adblocker ),
• user definable filter ( ABP-filter-rules )
• importable lists-filter: ABP-EasyList, ...
• importable scripts
• ... as a general filter underlayed all filters abvoe for each webseite
• script blocker (ABP: easy list, ...),
• place for addons/extensions and scripts
• incognito-mode (blocks history and cookies and further more.)
• night mode (fine adjustable darkning)
• More functions: favorites, share, tool box, show page source, ...
• Quit Browser: Via Browser won´t push news and other things to you. No bother to your android devices
• Mini Browser: Via Browser use much less memory usage on your android devices
• less RAM-consumption
• Version 4.3.0: well patched code (updated well)
• ...
• Critics: Self-descriptions of this browser are in chinese language only.
  It is still not possible to add any proxy. Thence for highest IT-security Tor-browser (torproject.org) Tor Smartphones still is our favorite browser!
• ...., comfortable and simple adjustments and easy handling
  Download out of the internet or from a PlayStore.
  https://m.apkkure.com/via-browser-fast-light-geek-best-choice/Mark.Via.GpP oder Huawei PlayStore

Dear reader, please inform the developer of Via Browser Tu Yafeng about the next issue!:
Email from Gooken to lakor@foxmail.com

Hello,
here´s Gooken.
Please forward this e-mail to the devoloper of VIA Browser Tu Yafeng!
Refering to Via Browser 4.3.0 for Android-Smartphone, following errors occur:
Errata Via Browser 4.3.0
1 Breakdown/crash: Via Browser breaks down / crashes completely on some websites: again and again. I´m sorry not noticing belonging website-URL.
2. Language: Language input into input-text-fields is not possible in some cases, until it is changed from system to english resp. from english to system and so on. This happened several times on https://metager.de for example.
3. In online shops like Ebay it is not possible to click onto the buttom for the selection of the payment-method (SEPA, PayPal etc.): no reaction at all! Same for the payment itself (bottom for buying the product). During this JavaScript was always turned on and incognito mode to off. But Via Browser does not react independent from its incognito mode and adblocking or any other option!
4. Missing parts: Via browser still does not offer an opportunity to enter any proxy. We use Tor for smartphones for example and like to enter the tor-proxy based on socks5 into Via Browser.
5. Whenever scrolling the bookmarks, the following error message occurs in Via Browser 4.3.0 up to 4.3.3: "Exception Happened. Thread [main,5,main] java.lang.AbstractMethodError abstract method not implemented."
6. We certainly do not agree with the terms of privacy! Via browser exchanges data and shares them with third companies, but in our eyes that must have to do with an internal account to a chinese or foreign cloud server within its settings part one must not create. We won´t use Via Browser resp. the account, until privacy is bewared!

Please tell the author of the browser Tu Yafeng about all this by sending him
this e-mail, so that the elsewhere very fine Via Browser gets patched and
upgraded soon!
Regards
Gooken
December, the 07 2021: One more errata:
All Signal messenger version since October 2021 do not enable user to mark out and delete messages anymore. Instead, signal quit crashes. This was found out upon Android 4.4.
What&s happened?
Dear reader, please contact this developer too!
BSI warns against Firefox &Thunderbird: Updates close several lacks in security, CHIP, 19.11.2020
Mozilla hat mit den aktuellen Updates für den Browser Firefox und den Mail-Client Thunderbird mehrere Sicherheitslücken geschlossen, vor denen das BSI warnt. Wir empfehlen Ihnen dringend, beide Programme möglichst bald auf die neueste Version upzudaten.
https://www.chip.de/news/BSI-warnt-vor-Firefox-und-Thunderbird-Updates-stopfen-gleich-mehrere-Sicherheitsluecken_104405834.html

Next in-between-update for Firefox 78: Firefox 78.0.2 is ready for downloading, CHIP, 09.07.2020
Erst letzte Woche hatte Mozilla planmäßig Firefox 78 zum Download bereitgestellt. Doch es trat eine Nebenwirkung im Zusammenhang mit Suchmaschinen auf, woraufhin die Verteilung gestoppt wurde. Firefox 78.0.1 hatte das Problem behoben. Jetzt steht mit Firefox 78.0.2 das nächste Zwischen-Update an, das unter anderem ein Problem mit Microsoft Teams behebt.
https://www.chip.de/news/Firefox-78-gestoppt-Mini-Update-Firefox-78.0.2-ist-da_182759007.html

Firefox-ESR-68 (el6, OpenSuSE, ...), Firefox-74, ...

Overview firefox-ESR-52.9.0: https://software.opensuse.org/package/firefox-esr
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/ ( runs upon quit all glibc, requires for el6 resp. glib2 (el6) in contrast to OpenSuSE-Evergreen_11.4: mozilla-nss ( NSS_3.51, OpenSuSE Thumbleweed), mozilla-nspr (OpenSuSE Thumbleweed), nss-softokn (el6), nss-softokn-freebl (el6), eventually a re-linking is required: /lib64/libglib... and /lib64/libgthread with /usr/lib64/firefox/bundled/lib64/libg...5400... : ln -sf /usr/lib64/firefox/bundled/lib64/libg...5400.. /lib64/libg...-2.0.so.0 with /usr/lib64/firefox/bundled and /usr/lib64/firefox/gtk2 out of firefox (el6) like firefox-68.9.0 (el6)). After this, delete the old links out of /lib64: libglib (el6: 2800.8) and libgthread (el6: 2800.8): rm -df /lib64/libglib...2800.8... and rm -df /lib64/libgthread-...2800.8... ! )

Mirrors:
http://ftp1.nluug.nl/os/Linux/distr/opensuse/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/
https://ftp2.nluug.nl/os/Linux/distr/opensuse/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/
https://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/opensuse/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/
https//ftp.lysator.liu.se/pub/opensuse/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/
https://provo-mirror.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/

Now this at this time actual firefox (OpenSuSE 15, in an increasing amount of MB, each around 50 MB) can always get simple updated:

...

https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.2/x86_64/

...

https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.4.56.x86_64.rpm (03.30.2021)
...
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.4.44.x86_64.rpm (11.16.2020)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.4.43.x86_64.rpm (11.15.2020)
...
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.4.36.x86_64.rpm (09.26.2020)
...
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.4.31.x86_64.rpm (09.08.2020)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.4.30.x86_64.rpm (08.30.2020)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.4.29.x86_64.rpm (08.26.2020, according to firefox-68.12.0)
...
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.4.27.x86_64.rpm (08.17.2020)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.4.26.x86_64.rpm (08.15.2020)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.4.25.x86_64.rpm (08.07.2020)
...
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.4.23.x86_64.rpm (07.28.2020 - according to firefox-ESR-68.11.0)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.4.22.x86_64.rpm (07.23.2020)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.4.21.x86_64.rpm (07.19.2020)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.4.20.x86_64.rpm (07.18.2020)
...
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.3.22.x86_64.rpm (07.08.2020 - according to firefox-ESR-68.10.0)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.3.21.x86_64.rpm (06.20.2020)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.3.20.x86_64.rpm (06.12.2020)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.3.19.x86_64.rpm (05.28.2020)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.3.18.x86_64.rpm (04.28.2020)
...

Alternativ (and it´s total confusing with SuSE quit as usual..):
http://ftp1.nluug.nl/os/Linux/distr/opensuse/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/
Quellcode: https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/src/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.3.18.src.rpm
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/steffens:/lvermgeo:/firefox/openSUSE_42.2/x86_64/firefox-esr52-52.9.0-4.14.x86_64.rpm (from 08.03.2019)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/anoncvs/openSUSE_Tumbleweed/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-3.20.x86_64.rpm (from 05.20.2020, for quit actual glibc only)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/anoncvs/openSUSE_Tumbleweed/x86_64/
https://ftp1.nluug.nl/os/Linux/distr/opensuse/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.3.20.x86_64.rpm (from 06.12.2020)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/anoncvs/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.9.1.x86_64.rpm (from 06.02.2020)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/anoncvs/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/anoncvs/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.8.1.x86_64.rpm (from 07.09.2019: ( ... how can it be?), glibc >= 2.20)
http://ftp.pbone.net/mirror/ftp5.gwdg.de/pub/opensuse/repositories/home:/linux4humans:/sle11_software:/firefox/openSUSE_Evergreen_11.4/x86_64/MozillaFirefox-52.9.0-10.2.x86_64.rpm (from 05.15.2019, quit all glibc and up from glib2 (el6))
seamonkey (el6, Version 2.49 enthält aktuell gepatchten FirefoxESR-52.9)
https://rpm.pbone.net/index.php3/stat/4/idpl/54051369/dir/opensuse_leap_15/com/MozillaFirefox-52.9.0-lp150.5.1.x86_64.rpm.html
https://rpm.pbone.net/index.php3/stat/4/idpl/55298083/dir/opensuse/com/MozillaFirefox-52.9.0-4.5.x86_64.rpm.html
Firefox-ESR-52.8.1 (el6, fr2.rpmfind.net)
https://ftp.pbone.net/mirror/ftp5.gwdg.de/pub/opensuse/repositories/home:/linux4humans:/sle11_software:/firefox/openSUSE_Evergreen_11.4/x86_64/MozillaFirefox-52.9.0-10.2.x86_64.rpm
tor (rosa2016.1, el6), Tor-Browser (Firefox-ESR >= 52.9: >= Includes of lib64nss3 (mga7, pclos or nss (fc, ...) and nss-3.41.0 (fc30) with libssl.so.3 to /home/toruser/tor*/Browser*/
Pale Moon >= 31.2.0.1: >=: Includes of lib64nss3 (mga7, pclos or nss (fc, ...) and libssl3.so.1.1.1d (openssl-1.1.1d (fc29)) resp. libssl3.so.1.1.1a (von openssl-1.1.1a, fc27) to /usr/lib64/palemoon/libssl3.so
Pale Moon, notice: noscript and RequestBlockPolicyContinned do not block many scripts as they should do!
/usr/lib64/libcrypto.so.1.1 is linked to /usr/lib64/libcrypto.so.1.1.1a and /usr/lib64/libssl.so.1.1 to /usr/lib64/libssl.so.1.1.1a.

Contra to this firefox: tls-1.3 is not functioning for the firefox from above on our platform (el6). At this time we can alternatively just recommend Pale Moon working on quit all platforms on the base of Quantum and Gecko. Extensions for Pale Moon even used as the tor-browser, are a real must: secret agent and/or eclipsed moon, JavaScript-toggle-buttom, script-blocker, ABL (for AdblockPlus, ABP) resp. abprime, ehprime: hide elements (any visible webside contents self-pointed out for the election per mouse leading into one more filter-rule for ABL resp abprime, noscript, RequestPolicyBlockContinued, Block Content (msdy), PermissionsPlus (extends about:permissions and this by now for each website), Pure URL, signTextJS, n-Matrix, noscript (version 5.1.9 out of rpm seamonkey-noscript (el8, el7)), CanvasBlocker Legacy, JavaScript-Toggle-Buttom, Decentral Eyes, No Resource URI Leak usw.!

Gooken recommends Pale Moon! The for more security firefox-code-reducing, but still comfortable Pale Moon is ready for tls-1.3 all upon minimal system requirements!

Recommended installation order of Pale Moon extensions for security: 1 Block Content Download before 2 PermissionPlus, 3 ScriptBlocker, 4 ABL, 5 Request Policy Block Continued, 6 nMatrix, 7 noscript and goalkeeper 8 Privacy Badger.

Pale Moon
Important nss-security-update end of November 2021:
nss: libnss3.so and libnssutils3.so can get exchanged with an actual nss (el8, el7) and nss-utils (el8, el7) easyly by the simple command "cp -fp" resp. link-command "ln"!

Can I run Firefox extensions in Pale Moon?
Yes, you can, for now. Since version 25 we´ve had the option to install (now called "legacy") XUL, bootstrapped and Jetpack type Firefox extensions on Pale Moon, despite Pale Moon being (and being identified as) a different browser. Please understand though that there is no guarantee that these extensions will work, and using extensions targeted at a different application is entirely at your own risk and you are pretty much on your own regarding support.
https://forum.palemoon.org/viewtopic.php?f=46&t=23697

PROBLEM: Pale Moon 30.0.0: Menüs can not be opened, and Pale Moon does not surf anymore ! So we still use Pale Moon 29.4.4 resp. 29.4.6 (recommended by us) by now
Pale Moon 31.0.0: Each mouse-click onto any menu item causes delays of about several seconds!

An answer followed few days later by Top news from Pale Moon Org, https://www.palemoon.org, 21 march 2022
"Pale Moon 30 rollout cancelled. Following severe issues with the unexpected exit of a core dev and considerable damage caused to our operations, the milestone 30 rollout has been cancelled. Dabei geht der am Schluss installierte ("Torhüter, Torwart") Privacy Badger von der Bürgerrechtsorganisation EFF selbst nach vorgesehenen Blocken aller Trackingskripte mit dem Schieberegler von grün auf überalll rot, ausgenommen Facebook-Widgets, (hoffentlich) meist leer aus: Aufgelistete, vor ihm installierte Erweiterungen nehmen ihm diese Arbeit bereits ab.
privacybadger.org: [...] Although we like Disconnect, Adblock Plus, Ghostery and similar products, none of them are exactly what we were looking for. In our testing, all of them required some custom configuration to block non-consensual trackers. Several of these extensions have business models that we weren´t entirely comfortable with. And EFF hopes that by developing rigorous algorithmic and policy methods for detecting and preventing non-consensual tracking, we´ll produce a codebase that could in fact be adopted by those other extensions, or by mainstream browsers, to give users maximal control over who does and doesn´t get to know what they do online."

[ SOLVED by palemoon.org: Next problem "Pale Moon does´t start: XPCOM-error" got solved in Pale Moon > 29.4.1 ( and < 24.4.3, up from where it got solved now, rem., Gooken ) from 09.17.2021, but occured again in Pale Moon >= 29.4.2.1 ! ]

Dear reader, please inform the developer of Pale Moon about the next issue, as we might not reach him!:
Email sent by Gooken
to: moonchild.prod@palemoon.org, redaktion@chip.de
Date: 08.27.2021
Please forward this e-mail to the Pale Moon - forum and -developers !
Hello,
here´s Gooken, and we want to tell you, that Pale Moon greater or equal Version 29.4.0
does not start anymore!
Started in a terminal, belonging error-message occurs:
"XPCOMGlueLoad error for file /usr/lib64/palemoon/libxul.so: /usr/lib64/palemoon/libxul.so: undefined symbol: g_bytes_unref Couldn´t load XPCOM."
Our GTK version is 2.24 (gtk from Enterprise Linux 6).
All previous versions up to 29.3.0 did work fine.
It would be nice to patch it (of course we can try another GTK version, if not)!
Regards,

Palemoon up to now (24.4.4) still has got the sometimes arrow jumping toolbar icon during the load of some webpages.
It would be nice to patch it too.
Regards, Gooken

Initialization of the most important Pale Moon extension "Block Content Download" (msdy) each new start: in about::config edit /home/user/.mozilla/userprofile/user.js,by changing values of all items like permissions.*.* to the value 3, 3 for images ( that can be webbugs, that means tracking scripts with returned images ), stylesheets, objects, scripts, subdocuments and so on, that at least means "No third party allowed".

Pale Moon extension: nMatrix
Point&click to forbid/allow any class of requests made by your browser. Use it to block scripts, iframes, ads, facebook etc.
nMatrix does also
Delete blocked cookies
Delete non-blocked session cookies minutes after the last time they have been used
Delete local storage content set by blocked hostnames
Clear browser cache every minutes
Spoof HTTP referrer string of third-party requests
Strict HTTPS: forbid mixed content
Block all hyperlink auditing attempts
Resolve CNAME records

Pale Moon extension: Eclipsed Moon (please notive: On websites like https://slackware.pkgs.org/14.2/ Eclipsed moon still sets the original useragent of the Browser. To prevent this, prefer useragent-exchangers like SecretAgent !)
By: Eurythrace Perseides
About this add-on
This add-on/extension is designed to work unobtrusively by using current, well known user agent strings and operating systems to "blend in” with the crowd. The preferred "smart" mode is designed to switch the user agent string only when no external tabs are open except for the home page, if it is an external page. The intent is to be quiet and NOT draw attention by changing the user agent string too frequently or using unique ones. It also offers an anonymity checklist for the browser settings, and has a "smart erase” feature to forget about a site when all open tabs to that site are closed. This is a COMPLETE erasure for that individual site, similar to the Delete History option when closing the browser. ALL PASSWORDS, COOKIES, HISTORY, ETC. WILL BE ERASED FOR THE SITE!
Test Package
A test package to verify the operation of the random User Agent generation may be downloaded from here:
https://addons.palemoon.org/datastore/addon/eclipsedmoon/eclipsedmoon-test.zip
Once unzipped, the XHTML file should be opened in a Pale Moon™ browser that already has the Eclipsed Moon add-on/extension installed. The operating mode of the add-on/extension should be set to "Page" before loading the test XHTML page. The test will then proceed to iterate a default value of 50 times and collect the statistics of the User Agents used for each iteration. Optionally, an iteration count may be passed to the XHTML file via adding a query string to the URI in the form of "?runs=100". The maximum number of iterations is set to 1000, although the JavaScript file associated with the XHTML file may be edited to change that number. There is an optional PHP file that may be loaded on a server along with the supporting files so the test may be conducted over the internet rather than on the local computer. This will use a large amount of bandwidth to run the test since each iteration will need to completely reload files from the server. The difference is that using the PHP file collects the User Agent from the HTTP header rather than the window.navigator.userAgent DOM property.
https://addons.palemoon.org/addon/eclipsedmoon/

Pale Moon extension: Certificate Patrol
"Welcome to Certificate Patrol 2.0. We introduced some improvements, that we should first explain to you.
Before we even list the details of a certificate, we first show you the certification hierarchy. That is the most important clue for oyou to find out, if you´re being tricked. An intermediate authority can put any text in the certificate, that you would like to see, but it cannot falsify the certificate checksums and its position in the hierarchy. Dangerous certificates are likely to be generated by a long list of authorities belonging to different companies or governments. Genuine ones are likely to be signed directly by a root certificate in your browser or by an intermediate creaated by the same company. All the inbetween cases are likely to be legitimate, but you can´t be sure. We are still taking guesses hsere because we steill don´t know, which root certificates in our browsers are worthy of trust. By keeping your eyes open and observing the patterns, you are a lot likelier to notice, when you are being attacked. In case of doubt, compare (by telephone) the checksums with somebody, that could not possibly be affected.
Another important change is, that we now inspect certificates for all parts of webpage, so you may see server names and domains comping up, that you never thourght youwere visiting, just because they host some Javascript or media files.
It´s also new, that you can reject all new certificate, when you see them.
That doesn´t mean, that you will be protected from using them, because we don´t have that much control over your browser.
If you don´t trust a site, you still have to close the window yourself. But it maens, that, if you bump into the same certificate again, you will be asked again. You could use this to see, if a certain website always has the same certificate, when you change internet connection. (like open it from work, then from home). Then again, if you store the certificate, you´re even safer, that the certificate is the same.
Several websites hat the bad habit of using multiple certificates for the same hostname. We consider it a configuration error on their side, but since they insist, you now have a little option of the certificate change pop-up to accept any certificate for the host as long as the issuer, that is the next higher level authority, stays the same. This should help in most cases, although I bet there are some, which are more misconfigured than that."

Initializing Palemoon-security-extension "Block Content Download" each new start: Type "about::config" into the address-line of your browser or edit /home/user/.mozilla/userprofile/user.js, by setting all items permissions.*.* to the value 3 for images, style sheets, objects, scripts, subdocuments (documents) and further on, that means at least onto this value for "no third parties" !

Pale Moon security extension and tool resp. utility: Config Comments
This security extension from Tools&Utilities instead of Security from palemoon.org explains many items within about:config in detail. As our excurs will make a lot of changes of items within about:config, we like to recommendthis browser extension very much too!

Pale Moon mode gecko (Goanna) - start in below 15 instead of over 70 seconds - security extension and tool resp. utility called "Expire history by days"
This security extension from Tools&Utilities instead of Security from palemoon.org empties the browser-history automatically. Set expire-in-days from value 0 to 1 and, following our observes, Pale Moon starts much, much faster...! The installation of this extension keeps Pale Moon from eavesdropping processes right at the beginning (Pale Moon start) too!

Pale Moon extension: signTextJS
By: dkeeler@mozilla.com, rbarnes@mozilla.com, vbadev@gmail.com
About this add-on
window.crypto.signText is a digital signature technology, that has been available to Firefox users for 20 years. It is used by government and banking sites. It can be used to participate in plebiscites.
The window.crypto interfaces were removed from Firefox 35 and later releases. An add-on was developed as a stop-gap measure for users; that add-on is deprecated and does not work since Firefox 57, but still work with Pale Moon.
This fork based on the original signTextJS-0.7.7 add-on by mozkeeler.
https://addons.palemoon.org/addon/signtextjs/

Pale Moon extension: Modify HTTP Response
By: Off JustOff
About this add-on
Modify HTTP Response is designed to rewrite http response body using search & replace patterns.
Warning:
This tool works on low level API and intended for advanced users.
Incorrect filters can cause browser freeze, hang or loose data.
Never use filters from untrusted sources or if you don´t understand them.
https://addons.palemoon.org/addon/modify-http-response/

Pale Moon and Firefox extension: No Resource URI Leak
Deny resource:// access to web content. We fill the hole to defend against fingerprinting. Very important Firefox privacy. A direct workaround for bugzilla.la/863246:
block access to resource:// URIs from web
block web-exposed subset of chrome:// URIs
uniformly filter disallowed redirects
restrict about: pages by default (for paranoids)

Classic Add-ons Archive [External]
Catalog of classic Firefox add-ons created before WebExtensions apocalypse.
https://addons.palemoon.org/extensions/other/

[SOLVED by Gooken: Pale Moon always stops working (halts) for about 30 seconds after getting started ]
Enter about:config into the address-line and delete (quit) all values (URL/URI) containing "http://" and "https://"!

You don´t like the design of Pale Moon? Beneath an actual version of Pale, extensions, lookout for a theme you like from many ones from palemoon.org!

Pale Moon Extensions: Eventually formulate exceptions for some of them within.
You can formulate them for extension Eclipsed Moon (OpenSource from palemoon.org) or SecretAgent (ClosedSource from manufaccturer out of UK) during the setting the browser-user-agent-specific, Noscript, RequestPolicy, n-Matrix as much as within the proxy-settings of Pale Moon. Please notice, that Eclipsed moon still isn´t able to formulate exceptions for single URI (URL).

So nothing has to be done by the administrator as much as user manually in future - all gets automized - as generally possible with UNIX/Linux!

Designs and styles: Many alternative designs and stylese for Pale Moon are provided by palemoon.org and other locations.

Create one more profile by about:profiles without many or without all (too many restrictions causing) extensions, whenever some websites get too restricted and you don´t know, how to "reset" belonging extensions from above, in order to get the rights back, by restarting Pale Moon resp. Firefox or by launching a single window for this created alternative profile ( out of about:profiles ).

Block annoying cookie-banner (telling us to allow cookies): a browser-add-on cares for less frustration during the surfing online, CHIP, 10.09.2020
Download Firefox-Erweiterung: I don´t care about cookies für Firefox 3.2.2
CHIP tested it with: good
https://www.chip.de/news/Nervige-Cookie-Banner-blockieren-beim-Surfen-so-gehts_148087234.html

Virusses, trojans, worms, bots: 40 percent of all computers in Germany are "zombies", FOCUS Online, 03.02.2014
The amount is alarming: 40 Prozent of all PCs in Germany are infected and can be remoted by Cyber-gangster. Once installed, malware opens backdoors for the new one.

All Intel-CPU-generations since Celeron
"We can skim out (eavesdrop) everything", tagesschau.de, 04.01.2017
Following a newspaper report the detection of actual lacks in security within plenty of computer chips was also made by researchers from the Technical University Graz in Austria. "We were shocked by ourselves about the functioningt", said Michael Schwarz from the TU Graz to quot;Tagesspiegel".
By this leaks all data could be read out of the computer is getting about. "In principle we can read out everything typed into the computer." Attackers could gain online banking data or stored passwords
"Though for this purpose they have to get logged into or connected with the computer", restricted Mr. Schwarz.
https://www.tagesschau.de/ausland/intel-sicherheitsluecke-103.html

Huawei P40 Pro: Google does not exist anymore, CHIP, 02.04.2020
[...] ... is a salient smartphone with plenty of improvements...
https://www.chip.de/test/Huawei-P40-Pro-im-Test_182596289.html

From our data sheed ("... still functioning today!")

Smartphone HUAWEI Y360 (Y360-U61) with accessory and magnetized black leather case and charging device from expert, year 2015, for 79 Euro (I got it from a friend for free...)
[...]

Detailed, precise check: spectre-meltdown-checker (el6) resp. meltdown-spectre-checker (el6)
Solution: The solution is dependent from the security-concept (excurs). Microcode, kernel-version, device drivers and CPU themself might only help partially, that means not help at all and if they help, they only mitigate problems with Meltdown and Spectre:

microcode_ctl ( take the fastest version you can: the faster, the more unrisk the CPU (!); enfastening (almost probably running most secure, as the fastest one: rosa2021.1, rosa2016.1): microcode_ctl-1.17-33.33.el6_10.x86_64.rpm, fc29: ver. 2.1-33, ), we might recommend the mouseclick-fast microcode_ctl (rosa2021.1, rosa2016.1) past (upon) microcode_ctl (el6) getting installed (overwritten el6) by rpm -i --force) or ucode_intel (OpenSuSE, newer rpm for 15.3, 15.2, 15.1) and an actualized kernel-5.4 (pclos) or kernel 4.19 (pclos) or >= 4.21 (kernel 5) (we installed kernel: 5.4.110-pclos past 4.20.13 (pclos1))
Start microcode_ctl (z.B. in /etc/rc.local):

echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/microcode/reload
sh /usr/libexec/microcode_ctl/reload_microcode
... or by an used processor exploring udev-rule.
or: microcode_ctl -qu

... and mouseclick-fast not only during the night ( 21.00 - 06.00 o´clock, a time, where some server got shutdown): microcode_ctl (el8, from July 2022).over microcode_ctl (el6).
Also, for such purposes, do not forget to actualize Linux as described in our section "Universal Linux"!

Firewall Linfw3 against Meltdown and Spectre: Set group "nobody" for the group of surfuser (with primary group nobody) and only allow surfuser with one more group of surfuser named surfgroup for example (instead of nobody) to go online. Linfw3 is able to block even root (UID: root, 0, GID: root, 0). So noone is allowed to go online through Linfw3 else surfuser with group surfgroup (instead of his primary group "nobody"), what prevents device drivers from exchaning data - as in this case caused by Meltdown and Spectre To go paranoid, to make it even more confusing for kernel and CPU, set all directories and files owned by surfuser to it´s primary group "nobody".

Emulators: virtualbox (MS Windows and other OS), qtemu, qemu (MS Windows, virtual emulators of many operating systems), mingw (the MSWindows-dll) and wine (MS Windows), dosemu-freedos (rosa2014.1, MSDOS, PC-DOS), basiliskII, basilisk (Macintosh), puae and uae (Amiga), hatari (ATARI ST), vice and micro64 (VC64), dosbox, dos2unix (text format converter), yabause (saturn emulator), xroar (dragon 32, 64, Tandy coco emulator), fbzx (Spectrum), caprice (Amstrad CPC), zboy (Nintendo Gameboy), ...

Howto use Windows within Linux through Virtualbox, PC-WELT.de, 08.05.2019
Per virtualization it is possible to use software and apps for Windows for Linux too. We show, howto.
https://www.pcwelt.de/ratgeber/Windows-als-virtuellen-PC-in-Linux-weiternutzen-9790033.html
Virtualbox (el6, all Linux): VirtualBox-5.2-5.2.28_130011_el6-1.x86_64.rpm 12-Apr-2019 20:25 78M, VirtualBox-6.0-6.0.6_130049_el6-1.x86_64.rpm 16-Apr-2019 15:58 118M ( or VirtualBox-5.2-5.2.28_130011_Linux_x86.run ) from https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/5.2.28 resp. https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/6.0.6
and Virtualbox: UserManual.pdf, https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/6.0.6/Oracle_VM_VirtualBox_Extension_Pack-6.0.6-130049.vbox-extpack, https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/6.0.6/VBoxGuestAdditions_6.0.6.iso
Actual version from March 2020: https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/6.0.18/

... r und Ersteller von Technologien zu machen, die mit uns zusammenarbeiten."
Bereits letztes Jahr hatte sich Microsoft klar dazu bekannt, trotz Protesten der eigenen Mitarbeiter das US-Militär weiter mit seinen Technologien ausrüsten zu wollen. So bewarb sich der Konzern - genauso wie Amazon - um einen Großauftrag, der die Software des US-Militärs komplett überholen und auf Cloud-Basis bringen soll. Welcher Konzern den Auftrag erhält, ist noch offen. Im Sommer schloss Microsoft einen weiteren Milliarden-Deal ab, um die Büros des Pentagon mit seinen Office-Programmen auszustatten.
[...] Kritiker sehen die Kombination aus Edge-Computing und Militär als durchaus gefährlich an. So könnten Drohnen in Zukunft auf Basis ihrer KI-Algorithmen selbst die Entscheidung zum Angriff treffen. Google hatte sich wegen solcher Befürchtungen in seiner Belegschaft entschieden, die Zielerkennung von Drohnen nicht weiter zu unterstützen.
Nadella scheint diese Gefahr durchaus bewusst zu sein. In seiner Rede sprach er auch von der Verantwortung, die KI mit sich bringt. "Wir glauben an verantwortliche KI. Man muss auch die schweren Fragen stellen, nicht nur was ein Computer tun kann - sondern auch, was er tun sollte." Die Antwort nannte er nicht.
https://www.stern.de/digital/computer/microsoft-chef-erklaert--warum-windows-und-co--kuenftig-kaum-eine-rolle-spielen-8945156.html

Bastille: Full-automatic IT-security for UNIX / Linux per mouseclick?, fr2.rpmfind.net
"Bastille is a system hardening / lockdown program which enhances the security of a Unix host. It configures daemons, system settings and firewalls to be more secure. It can shut off unneeded services and r-tools, like rcp and rlogin, and helps create "chroot jails", that help limit the vulnerability of common Internet services like Web services and DNS. This tool currently hardens Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Legacy, and Fedora Core, as well as Debian, SUSE, Gentoo, Mandriva, Ubuntu, Mac OS X, and HP-UX. If run in the preferred Interactive mode, it can teach you a good deal about Security while personalizing your system security state. If run in the quicker Automated mode, it can quickly tighten your machine, but not nearly as effectively (since user/sysadmin education is an important step!) Bastille can also assess the state of a system, which may serve as an aid to security administrators, auditors and system administrators, who wish to investigate the state of their system´s hardening without making changes to such. To run: -bastille [(-b|-c|-r|-x|--assess|--assessnobrowser)] -b : use a saved config file to apply changes directly to system -c : use the Curses (non-X11) GUI -r : revert Bastille changes to original file versions (pre-Bastille) -x : use the Perl/Tk (X11) GUI --assess : use the assessment functionality, viewing results in a browser --assessnobrowser: use the assessment functionality without a browser."
https://fr2.rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=Bastille&submit=Search+...

From this excurs

Forbidden good?


Firefox (64 Bit) 74.0 Final
Free download now from CHIP: the brand actual final version of Firefox 74.0.
CHIP test result: Very good
https://www.chip.de/news/Browser-im-Maerz-2020-Firefox-stuerzt-ab_169898532.html

Firefox-ESR-52.9.0-Extensions: quit complete filtering of tracking-scripts by ABP, RequestPolicy, noscript and our ff-ESR-security-settings through user.js (from Kai Raven.de and other authors resp. see further below)
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/firefox-esr-52.9.0-lp151.3.18.x86_64.rpm (from 04.28.2020), requires (for el6): mozilla-nss (OpenSuSE Thumbleweed, libfreebl3 (OpenSuSE Thumbleweed), libsoftokn3 (OpenSuSE Thumbleweed)
Respective the top-actual version of FirefoxESR-52.9.0 out of the directory: https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/home:/dliw:/mozilla/openSUSE_Leap_15.1/x86_64/
https://ftp.pbone.net/mirror/ftp5.gwdg.de/pub/opensuse/repositories/home:/linux4humans:/sle11_software:/firefox/openSUSE_Evergreen_11.4/x86_64/MozillaFirefox-52.9.0-10.2.x86_64.rpm (from 02.15.2019)
seamonkey (el6, this version 2.49 includes the actual patched firefox-52.9)
https://rpm.pbone.net/index.php3/stat/4/idpl/54051369/dir/opensuse_leap_15/com/MozillaFirefox-52.9.0-lp150.5.1.x86_64.rpm.html
https://rpm.pbone.net/index.php3/stat/4/idpl/55298083/dir/opensuse/com/MozillaFirefox-52.9.0-4.5.x86_64.rpm.html
FirefoxESR-52.8.1 (el6, fr2.rpmfind.net)

Attention! The installation-order of some of the following Firefox-extensions is a not unimportant point: ABP (by the (*-wildcard-based) security-filter-rule "forbidden is, what is not (explicit) allowed", details in future from further below) and/or uBlock resp. ABL for Pale Moon) right before RequestPolicy before Noscript (or uMatrix) before PrivacyBadger before CanvasBlocker!

Notice: ( The last Firefox-extension we installed, "goalkeeper") Privacy Badger from the switzer civil rights organization EFF as the in our order last installed extension does not, as we hope - except facebook-widgets - block many tracking-scripts, even if single marked scripts turned from green (allow) to red (block): Listed previous installed script-blockers did already do their best.
privacybadger.org: [...] Although we like Disconnect, Adblock Plus, Ghostery and similar products, none of them are exactly what we were looking for. In our testing, all of them required some custom configuration to block non-consensual trackers. Several of these extensions have business models that we weren´t entirely comfortable with. And EFF hopes that by developing rigorous algorithmic and policy methods for detecting and preventing non-consensual tracking, we´ll produce a codebase that could in fact be adopted by those other extensions, or by mainstream browsers, to give users maximal control over who does and doesn´t get to know what they do online. How does Privacy Badger work?
When you view a webpage, that page will often be made up of content from many different sources. (For example, a news webpage might load the actual article from the news company, ads from an ad company, and the comments section from a different company that´s been contracted out to provide that service.) Privacy Badger keeps track of all of this. If as you browse the web, the same source seems to be tracking your browser across different websites, then Privacy Badger springs into action, telling your browser not to load any more content from that source. And when your browser stops loading content from a source, that source can no longer track you.
Voila!
At a more technical level, Privacy Badger keeps note of the "third party" domains that embed images, scripts and advertising in the pages you visit. Privacy Badger looks for tracking techniques like uniquely identifying cookies, local storage "supercookies,” first to third party cookie sharing via image pixels, and canvas fingerprinting. If it observes a single third-party host tracking you on three separate sites, Privacy Badger will automatically disallow content from that third-party tracker.
In some cases a third-party domain provides some important aspect of a page´s functionality, such as embedded maps, images, or stylesheets. In those cases Privacy Badger will allow connections to the third party but will screen out its tracking cookies and referrers (these hosts have their sliders set to the middle, "cookie block” position).
https://privacybadger.org/#What-is-Privacy-Badger

Electronic Frontier Foundation ( ff-extension Privacy Badger and other ones.) against mass surveillance and eavedropping trough NSA & Co.
USA: Erneut Klage gegen Massenüberwachung durch NSA abgewiesen, netzpolitik.org, 11.05.2019
Seit Jahren kämpft die Electronic Frontier Foundation vor Gerichten gegen die Massenüberwachung durch den US-Geheimdienst NSA. Nun hat ein Bundesrichter eine Klage aus dem Jahr 2008 abgewiesen: Um die nationale Sicherheit zu schützen, müsse ein mögliches Überwachungsprogramm geheim bleiben.
https://netzpolitik.org/2019/usa-erneut-klage-gegen-massenueberwachung-durch-nsa-abgewiesen/

The failure: As it can be seen from the key-lock left beneath the addressline, the encryption with the new TLS 1.3 is not possible on our system (el6) for mentioned firefox (52.9), either just weak or even unencrypted!
What did happen to this firefox on OpenSuSE under all the patches? Actually we can only recommend the browser Pale Moon with quit the same extensions: secret agent and/or eclipsed moon, ABL (for AdblockPlus, ABP), noscript, RequestPolicyBlockContinued, Block Content Download, n-Matrix, CanvasBlocker, JavaScript-Toggle-Buttom, script-blocker, about:config-explainer, HTTPS enforcer, Decentral Eyes and further on, at last again the "goalkeeper" Privacy Badger made by the non-profit Electronic Fourier Foundation (EFF).

Pale Moon extension: n-Matrix
Add following rules from temporary to permanent into the dashboard of n-Matrix:


Palemoon extension nMatrix
To go sure, add the follwoing rules from temporary to permanent within the Dashboard of n-Matrix:
https-strict: * true
https-strict: behind-the-scene false
matrix-off: about-scheme true
matrix-off: chrome-extension-scheme true
matrix-off: chrome-scheme true
matrix-off: moz-extension-scheme true
matrix-off: opera-scheme true
matrix-off: wyciwyg-scheme true
no-workers: * true
referrer-spoof: * true
referrer-spoof: behind-the-scene false
* * * block
* * css block
* * frame block
* * image block
* * script block
* * xhr block
* * media block
* * other block
* 1st-party css allow
* 1st-party image allow
afterdawn.dk www.afterdawn.dk script block
...

Alone the image block from above prevents from webbugs.
Notice, that all values can be set directly within the matrix by simple mouseclicks, even upon the describing border of the matrix!

Pale Moon extension: Block Content Downloader
Initialization Palemoon extension "Block Content Download" each newstart of Pale Moon: through typing in about::config into the address-bar or editing /home/user/.mozilla/userprofile/user.js to set all or quit all entries named permissions.*.* up or down to 3, where 3 at least stands for "Forbid third-parties" refering to images, objects, scripts, documents and so on !

Pale Moon extension: signTextJS
By: dkeeler@mozilla.com, rbarnes@mozilla.com, vbadev@gmail.com
About this add-on
window.crypto.signText is a digital signature technology that has been available to Firefox users for 20 years. It is used by government and banking sites. It can be used to participate in plebiscites.
The window.crypto interfaces were removed from Firefox 35 and later releases. An add-on was developed as a stop-gap measure for users; that add-on is deprecated and does not work since Firefox 57, but still work with Pale Moon.
This fork based on the original signTextJS-0.7.7 add-on by mozkeeler.
https://addons.palemoon.org/addon/signtextjs/

Pale Moon extension: Modify HTTP Response
By: Off JustOff
About this add-on
Modify HTTP Response is designed to rewrite http response body using search & replace patterns.
Warning:
This tool works on low level API and intended for advanced users.
Incorrect filters can cause browser freeze, hang or loose data.
Never use filters from untrusted sources or if you don´t understand them.
https://addons.palemoon.org/addon/modify-http-response/

Classic Add-ons Archive [External]
Catalog of classic Firefox add-ons created before WebExtensions apocalypse.
https://addons.palemoon.org/extensions/other/

uMatrix (uM, https://github.com/gorhill/uMatrix/releases/download/1.4.1b6/uMatrix_1.4.1b6.firefox.signed.xpi) or seamonkey-noscript (5.1.9 for ff52-ESR from February 2020, includes the xpi-install-file) or
mozilla-noscript (5.1.8.6, 5.1.8.5, 5.1.7-1, fc, el7, el6, fr2.rpmfind.net or mozilla.org or http://ftp.pbone.net/mirror/archive.fedoraproject.org/fedora/linux/updates/25/armhfp/Packages/m/mozilla-noscript-5.1.7-1.fc25.noarch.rpm), https://rpm.pbone.net/index.php3/stat/4/idpl/54125427/dir/rawhide/com/mozilla-noscript-2.6.8.36-1.171.noarch.rpm.html, vom 16.11.2018 (patched 171 times, therefore the recommended version)
mozilla-adblockplus (-2.9.1-27 fc, el7, el6 or mozilla.org), https://fr2.rpmfind.net/linux/fedora-secondary/releases/29/Everything/i386/os/Packages/m/mozilla-adblockplus-2.9.1-4.fc29.noarch.rpm, https://fr2.rpmfind.net/linux/epel/6/x86_64/Packages/m/mozilla-adblockplus-2.6.6-1.el6.noarch.rpm
mozilla-requestpolicy (-1.0-0.22.20171019git633302 fc27 from 02.08.2020 / 08.02.2020, el6, rpmfind.net or mozilla.org, you still have to copy it from /usr/share/mozilla/extensions/ to /home/surfuser/.mozilla/extensions/), https://fr2.rpmfind.net/linux/fedora/linux/releases/29/Everything/x86_64/os/Packages/m/mozilla-requestpolicy-1.0-0.22.20171019git633302.fc29.noarch.rpm, https://fr2.rpmfind.net/linux/epel/6/x86_64/Packages/m/mozilla-requestpolicy-1.0-0.19.20171019git633302.el6.noarch.rpm
mozilla-https-everywhere (fc, el6 or mozilla.org), https://fr2.rpmfind.net/linux/fedora/linux/updates/29/Everything/x86_64/Packages/m/mozilla-https-everywhere-2019.11.7-1.fc29.noarch.rpm, https://fr2.rpmfind.net/linux/epel/6/x86_64/Packages/m/mozilla-https-everywhere-2019.11.7-1.el6.noarch.rpm
firefox-ublock_origin (alt1, pkgs.org, mozilla.org)
CanvasBlocker (mozilla.org, against Canvas Fingerprinting)
CookieController (mozilla.org, part of Jondofox)
Private Tab (mozilla.org)
RefControl (mozilla.org, Referer Control)
UserAgentSwitcher (mozilla.org)
Link Redirect Fixer (mozilla.org)
Link_Cleaner (mozilla.org)
secretagent (anonymizing useragents; extension from palemoon.org)
CSS Exfil Protection by Mike Gualtieri ( xpi from mozilla.org, https://addons.cdn.mozilla.net/user-media/addons/931864/css_exfil_protection-1.0.17-an+fx.xpi )
TrackMeNot (xpi), Firefox extension to protect web habits from tracking and profiling, protect against data profiling by search engines, "TrackMeNot is a lightweight browser extension that helps protect web searchers from surveillance and data-profiling by search engines. It does so not by means of concealment or encryption (i.e. covering one´s tracks), but instead by the opposite strategy: noise and obfuscation. With TrackMeNot actual web searches, lost in a cloud of false leads, are essentially hidden in plain view. User-installed TrackMeNot works with Firefox and Chrome browsers, integrates with all popular search engines and requires no 3rd-party servers or services. TrackMeNot runs as a low-priority background process, that periodically issues randomized search-queries to popular search engines, e.g., AOL, Yahoo!, Google, and Bing. It hides users´ actual search trails in a cloud of ´ghost´ queries, significantly increasing the difficulty of aggregating such data into accurate or identifying user profiles. TrackMeNot serves as a means of amplifying users´ discontent with advertising networks, that not only disregard privacy, but also facilitate the bulk surveillance agendas of corporate and government agencies, as documented recently in disclosures by Edward Snowden and others. To better simulate user behavior TrackMeNot uses a dynamic query mechanism to ´evolve´ each client (uniquely) over time, parsing the results of its searches for ´logical´ future query terms with which to replace those already used.
Public awareness of the vulnerability of searches to systematic surveillance and logging by search engine companies was initially raised in the wake of a case, initiated August 2005, in which the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) issued a subpoena to Google for one week´s worth of search query records (absent identifying information) and a random list of one million URLs from its Web index. This was cited as part of its defense of the constitutionality of the Child Online Protection Act (COPA). When Google refused, the DOJ filed a motion in a Federal District Court to force compliance. Google argued that the request imposed a burden, would compromise trade secrets, undermine customers´ trust in Google, and have a chilling effect on search activities. In March 2006, the Court granted a reduced version of the first motion, ordering Google to provide a random listing of 50,000 URLs, but denied the second motion, namely, the request for search queries.
While viewed from the perspective of user privacy this seems a good outcome, yet it does bring to light several disquieting points. First, from court documents we learn that AOL, Yahoo!, and Microsoft have complied with the government´s request, though details are not given. Second, we must face the reality that logs of our online searches are in the hands of search companies and can be quite easily linked to our identities. Thirdly, it is clear we have little idea of, or say in, what can be done with these logs. While, in this instance, Google withheld such records from the Government, it would be foolish to count on this outcome in the future. Public awareness of the vulnerability of searches to systematic surveillance and logging by search engine companies, was initially raised in the wake of a case, initiated August 2005, in which the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) issued a subpoena to Google for one week´s worth of search query records (absent identifying information) and a random list of one million URLs from its Web index. This was cited as part of its defense of the constitutionality of the Child Online Protection Act (COPA). When Google refused, the DOJ filed a motion in a Federal District Court to force compliance. Google argued that the request imposed a burden, would compromise trade secrets, undermine customers´ trust in Google, and have a chilling effect on search activities. In March 2006, the Court granted a reduced version of the first motion, ordering Google to provide a random listing of 50,000 URLs, but denied the second motion, namely, the request for search queries.
While viewed from the perspective of user privacy this seems a good outcome, yet it does bring to light several disquieting points. First, from court documents we learn that AOL, Yahoo!, and Microsoft have complied with the government´s request, though details are not given. Second, we must face the reality that logs of our online searches are in the hands of search companies and can be quite easily linked to our identities. Thirdly, it is clear we have little idea of, or say in, what can be done with these logs. While, in this instance, Google withheld such records from the Government, it would be foolish to count on this outcome in the future.
TrackMeNot is user-installed and user-managed, residing wholly on users´ system and functions without the need for 3rd-party servers or services. Placing users in full control is an essential feature of TrackMeNot, whose purpose is to protect against the unilateral policies set by search companies in their handling of our personal information. We have developed TrackMeNot as an immediate solution, implemented and controlled by users themselves. It fits within the class of strategies, described by Gary T. Marx, whereby individuals resist surveillance by taking advantage of blind spots inherent in large-scale systems1. TrackMeNot may not radically alter the privacy landscape but helps to place a particularly sensitive arena of contemporary life back in the hands of individuals, where it belongs in any free society.

Special thanks to the NYU Dept of Computer Science, the Media Research Lab, the Mozilla Foundation, Missing Pixel, the Portia Project, Babelzilla, Ernest Davis, Michael Zimmer, John Fanning, and Robb Bifano."
Details and installation from
https://www.cs.nyu.edu/trackmenot/, https://trackmenot.io

Firefox Addons
Firefox Multi-Account Containers Version 8.0.6, CHIP, 21.02.2022
Trennung von Privatem und Geschäftlichem
Mehr Privatsphäre beim Surfen
Umfangreiche Anpassungsmöglichkeiten
Mit dem kostenlosen Firefox Add-on "Multi-Account Containers" trennen Sie beim Surfen verschiedene Bereiche wie Online-Banking, Arbeit oder privates Surfen technisch voneinander, indem Sie Container festlegen und Webseiten passend einordnen.
In einem Tab checkt man die geschäftlichen E-Mails, in einem anderen ist der private Facebook-Account offen und im Dritten erledigt man Online-Banking: "Multi-Account Containers für Firefox" will diese verschiedenen Arbeitsbereiche innerhalb eines Browserfensters trennen und dadurch Ihre Privatsphäre stärker schützen.
Multi-Account Containers für Firefox: Ein Browserfenster, mehrere Accounts
[...] So können Sie beispielsweise Ihren Social-Media-Account geöffnet lassen, ohne das Facebook und Co. alles über Ihr restliches Surfverhalten mitbekommen.
https://www.chip.de/downloads/Firefox-Multi-Account-Containers_133326187.html

Privacy Badger - "Privacy Bader - How does Privacy Badger work?
When you view a webpage, that page will often be made up of content from many different sources. (For example, a news webpage might load the actual article from the news company, ads from an ad company, and the comments section from a different company that´s been contracted out to provide that service.) Privacy Badger keeps track of all of this. If as you browse the web, the same source seems to be tracking your browser across different websites, then Privacy Badger springs into action, telling your browser not to load any more content from that source. And when your browser stops loading content from a source, that source can no longer track you. Voila!
At a more technical level, Privacy Badger keeps note of the "third party" domains that embed images, scripts and advertising in the pages you visit. Privacy Badger looks for tracking techniques like uniquely identifying cookies, local storage "supercookies," first to third party cookie sharing via image pixels, and canvas fingerprinting. If it observes a single third-party host tracking you on three separate sites, Privacy Badger will automatically disallow content from that third-party tracker.
In some cases a third-party domain provides some important aspect of a page´s functionality, such as embedded maps, images, or stylesheets. In those cases Privacy Badger will allow connections to the third party but will screen out its tracking cookies and referrers (these hosts have their sliders set to the middle, "cookie block” position).
Does Privacy Badger account for a cookie that was used to track me even if I deleted it? Yes. Privacy Badger keeps track of cookies that could be used to track you and where they came from, even if you frequently clear your browser´s cookies. Does Privacy Badger still work when blocking third-party cookies in the browser?
When you tell your browser to deny third-party cookies, Privacy Badger still gets to learn from third parties trying to set cookies via HTTP headers (as well as from other tracking techniques such as pixel cookie sharing and canvas fingerprinting). Privacy Badger no longer gets to learn from cookies or HTML5 local storage being set via JavaScript, however. So, Privacy Badger still works, it´ll just learn to block fewer trackers. Clearing history or already-set cookies shouldn´t have any effect on Privacy Badger.
How does Privacy Badger handle social media widgets?
Social media widgets (such as the Facebook Like button, Twitter Tweet button, or Google +1 button) often track your reading habits. Even if you don´t click them, the social media companies often see exactly which pages you´re seeing the widget on. Privacy Badger includes a feature imported from the ShareMeNot project which is able to replace the widgets with a stand-in version, so that you can still see and click them. You will not be tracked by these replacements unless you explicitly choose to click them. Privacy Badger currently knows how to replace the following widgets if they are observed tracking you: AddThis, Facebook, Google, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Stumbleupon, and Twitter. (The source code for these replacements is here; pull requests are welcome.)
Note, that Privacy Badger will not replace social media widgets unless it has blocked the associated tracker. If you´re seeing real social media widgets, it generally means that Privacy Badger hasn´t detected tracking from that variant of the widget, or that the site you´re looking at has implemented its own version of the widget. To avoid confusion, the replacement widgets are marked with the Privacy Badger badge next to the button. To interact with a replacement widget, simply click on it. Depending on the widget, Privacy Badger will either send you directly to the appropriate sharing page (for example, to post a tweet) or it will enable and load the real social widget (for example, the Facebook Like button, with personalized information about how many of your friends have "liked" the page). In the second case, you will still need to interact with the real widget to "like" or share the page."
https://privacybadger.org/#How-does-Privacy-Badger-work
https://privacybadger.org/
https://www.eff.org/files/privacy-badger-latest.xpi
Librefox: https://github.com/intika/Librefox/releases/download/Librefox-v2.1-v64.0.0/Librefox-2.1-Firefox-Linux-64.0.0.zip

Update MozillaFirefox-52.9.0 (OpenSuSE: Februar 2019, gecko-engine / firefox-extensions ) with the at this time actual firefox-68.6.0 (el6, April 2020, quantum engine / webextensions):

As of February 2019

Enpack the following files out of rpm firefox-68.6.0 (el6, rpm, as of April 2020) into /usr/lib64/firefox/

gtk2 (directory)
fonts (directory)
run-mozilla.sh
libmozavcodec.so
libmozavutil.so
libmozsqlite3.so
libssl3.so (out of rpm openssl-1.1.1a up to openssl-1.1.1e)

Enpack the following files out of seamonkey (el6, rpm, as of: September 2019) into /usr/lib64/firefox/

liblgpllibs.so
libmozsandbox.so
plugin-container.so

Enpack the following files out of seamonkey (el6, rpm, as of: September 2019) into /usr/lib64/firefox/chrome/icons/default

en-US.aff
en-US.dic

Enpack the following files out of seamonkey (el6, rpm, Stand: September 2019) into /usr/lib64/firefox/browser/

blocklist.xml

Eventuelly remove IDs etc.
Edit /usr/lib64/firefox/application.ini and /usr/lib64/firefox/platform.ini and set the values as you like.

user.js
Firefox part within "about:config" gets autoconfigured each start of firefox. The configuration file named user.js making it possible can be found in the profil in /home/surfuser/.mozilla/firefox/profilename/.
Details of user.js are listed furhter below.

Still not updated: libxul.so (gecko, as of: February 2019). If this disturbs you, install seamonkey (el6) or

patch the firefox-source-code with patches from

https://hg.mozilla.org/releases/mozilla-esr60 (diff)
https://hg.mozilla.org/releases/mozilla-esr68 (diff)

FirefoxESR-52-patches 2019- up to now:
2019-11-30 Updated package firefox-esr52 52.9.0-5 Muflone
2019-06-22 Updated package firefox-esr52 52.9.0-4 Muflone
2019-06-13 Updated package firefox-esr52 52.9.0-3 Muflone
2018-08-11 Updated package firefox-esr52 52.9.0-2 Muflone
https://aur.archlinux.org/cgit/aur.git/?h=firefox-esr52

Update Mozilla Firefox Javascript
mozjs (el6)
https://fr2.rpmfind.net

Alternatively Firefox-ESR >= 60 (el6), ff-60-ESR (el6), ff-68-ESR (el6), ... with engine Quantum and Webextensions does not enable most important extensions like RequestPolicy(BlockContinued).

Anonymizing user-agents for extensions like secretagent:

"Privoxy/1.0"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Googlebot/2.1; +http://www.google.com/bot.html)"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; bingbot/2.0; +http://www.bing.com/bingbot.htm)"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Yahoo! Slurp; http://help.yahoo.com/help/us/ysearch/slurp)"
"Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Gooken; +http://www.gooken.de)"

Warning: This Firefox is without extensions like Request(Block)PolicyContinued !

[SOLVED by Gooken, 15.03.2020] Firefox doesn´t show the actual extension version number for the extension installed by rpm within the item "Addons" from menu, so that Firefox is still working with the old, previous version installed before?
This might happen for mozilla-adblockplus for example, as the xpi-file is missing within the package!
Copy all of this extenisons out of /usr/share/mozilla/extensions into /home/surfuser/.mozilla/extensions ("cp -axf"), set the owner- and acess-rights upon it and delete the belonging xpi-file (of the previous version) out of the subdirectory of the profile. Now the correct version number is shown in Addons, with wich Firefox will work in future.

Does the Browser restrict websites (formulars and so on) although extension like ABP, noscript and RequestPolicyBlockContinuned and so on got reconfigured?
If a reconfiguration of the extensions does not help at all, deactivate them in addons->extensions - extension by extension or, if nothing helps: all at once!
Now Firefox-52.9.0-ESR should really enable quit all functionality for websites.
After meant websites are left, do not forget to activate the extensions again!

[ SOLVED : Websites with too much restrictions possible caused by extensions or security settings: No possible login etc. ]
If even the resetting of extensions does not help, create one more, new profile in about:profiles, set it temporary to the default profile and
restart firefox.

Quit all files of ESR-52.9.0 except libxul.so, some libraries and the mask for settings omni.ja can be exchanged with those from newer Firefox like ESR-60.9.0 and ESR-68.

Update kmozillahelper (zombie process): kmozillahelper (rosa2014.1) or deinstall it by "rpm -e --nodeps kmozillahelper"

More about "security with firefox (Gecko)":
from this webside further below!

Tails 4.2 improves automatic update
https://www.pro-linux.de/news/1/27707/tails-42-verbessert-das-automatische-update.html
Look for your Linux, if possible too.

AppAmor - "o´zapft is?"
AppArmor - broaching the computer system or kernel-security-module?, Gooken, 06.07.019
Profiles of AppArmor are: passwd, Browser, D-Bus, Netzwerk, Task-Manager (cron), dhclient, dhcp, DAPRA-portmap, tmpwatch, procmail, skype, wireshark, ftpd, mysqld, postfix, sendmail, squid, sshd, useradd, vsftpd, xinetd, fingerd, ntalkd, cupsd, xfs, ping, nvidia_modprobe, dovecot, apache2, dnsmasq, ntpd, identd, smbd, traceroute, winbindd, lessopen, klogd, avahi-daemon, ...
AppArmor works during the system boot by default for Linux like Debian Linux Tails. The boot time even more than doubles by this.
The module itself can be intergrated as a kernel security module as a kernel-boot-paramter. Pre-configured profiles can be envoked for example in /etc/rc.local.
The developer contracted with Microsoft years ago. Linus Tovalds recommends such securiy module, that can be integrated beneath Module SELinux developed by the NSA, discussed in another report we published in News&Links and japanese Tomoyo Linux (rosa, mdv).
Like all other MAC (Mandatory Access Control for the control of process interaction), AppArmor isn´t necessary to bound in "secure=none" in our kernel-bootline.
Original program description from rpmfind.net: "AppArmor is a security framework that proactively protects the operating system and applications. This package provides the libapparmor library, which contains the change_hat(2) symbol, used for sub-process confinement by AppArmor, as well as functions to parse AppArmor log messages.
Base profiles. AppArmor is a file and network mandatory access control mechanism. AppArmor confines processes to the resources allowed by the systems administrator and can constrain the scope of potential security vulnerabilities. This package is part of a suite of tools that used to be named SubDomain."
"AppArmor is security Linux kernel module similar to the SELinux but it´s supposed to be easier to setup and maintain. There are many reasons for you to disable it, primary one is that its security features can get in the way of legitimate applications operation", https://www.techytalk.info/disable-and-remove-apparmor-on-ubuntu-based-linux-distributions/
Also see our report: serious hard News-Group-discussion about NSA´s SELinux.
Later on, the programming expert of AppArmor became a paid expert of Microsoft. We made the expirience, our computer system runs quit different fast, depending on night and daytime and the kind of information we handled. But without all the kernel-security-modules, AppArmor and so on, it always runs as fast as the mouseclick allows: mouseclick-fast.

AppArmor is a security module for Linux. It is a Mandatory Access Control (MAC) System controlling each application and program through profiles with access rights refining the common ones. Beneath the default profiles any profiles can be created. For each profile one of three modes has to be set.
https://wiki.ubuntuusers.en/AppArmor/

Howto use Windows within Linux through Virtualbox, PC-WELT.de, 08.05.2019
Per virtualization it is possible to use software and apps for Windows for Linux too. We show, howto.
https://www.pcwelt.de/ratgeber/Windows-als-virtuellen-PC-in-Linux-weiternutzen-9790033.html
Virtualbox (el6, all Linux): VirtualBox-6.0-6.0.6_130049_el6-1.x86_64.rpm from 16-Apr-2019 118M ( or VirtualBox-5.2-5.2.28_130011_Linux_x86.run ) and UserManual.pdf from
https://download.virtualbox.org/virtualbox/6.0.6
Alternatively: qemu (el6, all Linux), virt-manager (el6) and libvirt (el6), wine64 (el6, all Linux, 64-Bit-MS-Windows-Emulator) and wine (el6, all Linux, 32-Bit-MS-Windows-Emulator)

Wonderful Unix, wonderful OpenSource ("tick-tick-tick-..."), we are right (addition from 07.09.2013): Tagesschau reports about weak-points in many security software. The industry for software would have been built-in backdoors in their programs. It were possible to get information right before a user encrypts them and to send them over the internet. Super-computer were constructed to crack encrypted codes. NSA-program "Bullrun" belonged to the most kept secrets. The british agency GCHQ were very successfull in cracking code. Such analyses would have belonged to Google, Yahoo, Facebook und Microsoft. From banking software up to election computer, if databases, data protection or data security: Only OpenSource-Software can be trusted!

Since 1981/82: Black monitors, tons of updates (terrabytes), Cyberwar, Suneater, missing driver, driver- and hardware failouts, glibc-patch, openssl-patch, system breakdowns ( a.o. python), defect kernel and glibc, Dirty Cow, Sambacry, Meltdown and Spectre, security access points in browser, hacker, trojans, viruses, unsolved packet-dependencies and so on and on
It must be the kind of (artificial-) bomb in each computer, because in any operating system and a lot of software and updates over updates, but through Gooken´s "Universal Linux 2010" it manges the first time past over 25 years to disarm it.

New computer: Four things you should do right up from the beginning, PC-WELT.de, 02.03.2020
It does not matter, how young or old you are: It is a beautiful feeling to start a new computer. Care yourself for the security right up from the beginning.
https://www.pcwelt.de/international/Neuer-Computer-Vier-Dinge-die-Sie-gleich-zu-Beginn-machen-sollten-10763901.html

2009/2010: Year of the hardware, year of the software (CentOS el6, Mandriva2010) - ALL talk around the computer got passed! (!!!)
... almost surface-covering and security technically: just completion and updating (see the update-listing from our webside "Universal Linux 2010"! CentOS- and SL-updates (el6) are provided in the internet from year 2010 up to year 2026 and (mit el7) longer. Belonging power saving, mouseclick-fast and Linux-compatible lifetime-hardware (*) quit for free is listed in our -> data sheed device by devcie: all-in-one-mainboard, net adapter, all poor radiationed and supersilent, ultraslim-WLED-TFT, SSD, rom-drives (DVD-burner), multifunction-printer (printing- scanning - faxing and copying), mouse/keyboard, computer tower, ...
This all although the computer standed (and stands) for "nothings more "kaputter" (out of order)"... (following the excurs and see News&Links)! Lifetime-hardware (*): We are going to report about errorcs and defects of the mainboard under data sheed in future. There are none up to now.

Avoid these 14 mistakes and errors during building up your PC ( hardware ) by yourself !, PC-WELT.de, 04.07.2020
If you build up a PC for the first time by yourself, take notice of 14 important things. Otherwiese you might have a big bad suprise!
https://www.pcwelt.de/ratgeber/tipp-pc-selbst-bau-fehler-vermeiden-10834772.html

Moving into a bad, bad world...
From Saturn-Service-Center: PC-build-up - Bios-Setup - partitonswise or complete mirroring (best done by the UNIX-/Linux-command dd) OR: partitionize - formatting (Linux-filesystem, almost ext4) - encryption (of most partitions) - installation - configuration - defragmentation (not required for Linux) - making updates:

Put your installation-DVD into the CD/DVD-drive to install the operating system, together with other belonging software. We assume the rpm-(packet-manager-) based Enterprise Linux (RHEL, Fedora, CentOS or Scientific Linux) or a Mandriva-Derivat (PC Linux OS, Rosa, Mageia, Mandriva), but refer to Debian Linux and so on and (indirectly) MS Windows too!
Follow the installation-steps from DVD (resp. other media like USB)!
Do all other steps by handbooks and guidelines from manufacturer, then follow this excurs!
For the partioning, under Linux at all formlized in the device-file fstab (/etc/fstab), we recommend already at this place at least 80 GB for the Root- and 20 GB for the home-partition, around 1 GB for the Boot-partition and the threefold of the RAM-size for the SWAP-partition (memory-swapping file).
Good to know, that encryption is possible already at this place for partitioning resp. right up after the formatting. We also refer to this namely later on in detail !

Installation und update sources Enterprise Linux CentOS resp. Scientific Linux (el6, el7):

http://mirror.eu.oneandone.net/linux/distributions/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.jgotteswinter.com/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://wftp.tu-chemnitz.de/pub/linux/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://ftp.halifax.rwth-aachen.de/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://ftp.rrzn.uni-hannover.de/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.de.leaseweb.net/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.softaculous.com/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://artfiles.org/centos.org/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.cuegee.de/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.bio.lmu.de/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://ftp.hosteurope.de/mirror/centos.org/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.daniel-jost.net/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirrors.cicku.me/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.yannic-bonenberger.com/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.datente.com/media/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.dataone.nl/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.schlundtech.de/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://ftp.plusline.de/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://ftp.fau.de/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.mirrors.as250.net/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror2.hs-esslingen.de/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror1.hs-esslingen.de/pub/Mirrors/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.rackspeed.de/centos.org//6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.ratiokontakt.de/mirror/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.netcologne.de/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://repo.de.bigstepcloud.com/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.euserv.net/linux/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://ftp.wrz.de/pub/CentOS/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.intergenia.de/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.mirror.net-d-sign.de/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.imt-systems.com/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.23media.de/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/

Nearby Countries

http://mirror.unix-solutions.be/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.cu.be/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.kinamo.be/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.mirror.nucleus.be/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.spreitzer.ch/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://linuxsoft.cern.ch/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.switch.ch/ftp/mirror/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://pkg.adfinis-sygroup.ch/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.plusserver.com/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://ftp.ciril.fr/pub/linux/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror1.evolution-host.com/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.crazyfrogs.org/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://distrib-coffee.ipsl.jussieu.fr/pub/linux/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.mirror.fr.planethoster.net/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://ftp.rezopole.net/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.in2p3.fr/linux/CentOS/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirrors.ircam.fr/pub/CentOS/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mir01.syntis.net/CentOS/6.10/isos/x86_64/
ftp://ftp.free.fr/mirrors/ftp.centos.org/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirrors.standaloneinstaller.com/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.mirrors.ovh.net/ftp.centos.org/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.mirror.ate.info/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://fr.mirror.babylon.network/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.quelquesmots.fr/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://ftp.pasteur.fr/mirrors/CentOS/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirrors.atosworldline.com/public/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.ibcp.fr/pub/Centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://miroir.univ-paris13.fr/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://fr2.rpmfind.net/linux/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.trisect.eu/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://linux.cs.uu.nl/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.yourwebhoster.eu/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.colocenter.nl/pub/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.proserve.nl/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.i3d.net/pub/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.serverbeheren.nl/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.amsiohosting.net/centos.org/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.1000mbps.com/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.widexs.nl/ftp/pub/os/Linux/distr/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.previder.nl/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.nl.leaseweb.net/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.denit.net/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.sitbv.nl/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://ftp.tudelft.nl/centos.org/6.10/isos/x86_64/ http://nl.mirror.babylon.network/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.cj2.nl/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.oxilion.nl/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.ams.host-engine.com/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://ftp.nluug.nl/ftp/pub/os/Linux/distr/CentOS/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.netrouting.net/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.prolocation.net/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.mirror1.spango.com/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.schoemaker.systems/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.nforce.com/pub/linux/CentOS/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirrors.supportex.net/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirrors.noction.com/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.mirror.triple-it.nl/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.mirror.transip.nl/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.fysik.dtu.dk/linux/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://ftp.klid.dk/ftp/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirrors.dk.telia.net/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.one.com/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://ftp.crc.dk/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.mhd.uk.as44574.net/mirror.centos.org/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.mirrors.nublue.co.uk/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirrors.melbourne.co.uk/sites/ftp.centos.org/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/mirror.centos.org/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://anorien.csc.warwick.ac.uk/mirrors/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirrors.clouvider.net/CentOS/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.bytemark.co.uk/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.econdc.com/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirrors.vooservers.com/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirrors.ukfast.co.uk/sites/ftp.centos.org/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.serverspace.co.uk/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://centos.mirroring.pulsant.co.uk/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.sov.uk.goscomb.net/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.vorboss.net/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.ox.ac.uk/sites/mirror.centos.org/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirrors.coreix.net/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.sax.uk.as61049.net/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.cov.ukservers.com/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://repo.uk.bigstepcloud.com/centos/6.10/isos/x86_64/
http://mirror.as29550.net/mirror.centos.org/6.10/isos/x86_64/
...

...

Such listed "lifetime-hardware" from our data sheed ( like the low powered mainboard ASUS ITX-220, SSD, DVD-ROM-Burner and introduced AOC-TFT) does - within common outdoor temperature tolerances - not show any symptoms andtherefore - past "endless" powering on and offs and resets (new starts) of the computer system, even not those ones like the following:

Software::Distributionen::Debian
Debian turns packet format from DEB to RPM, PRO-LINUX, 02.04.2019
https://www.pro-linux.de/news/1/26921/debian-stellt-auf-rpm-um.html



Year 2010: All for the computer is done (only updating remains essential)!
Computing without any risks: Power-saving, mouseclick-fast all-in-one lifetime-hardware (quit)

• (quit) for free
• breathtaking mouseclick-fast already upon listed hardware from see under "data sheed" (immediately appearing graphics per mouseclick, fast graphics (* some intensive memory programs like browser and dolphin depending on the kernel version and RAM still might need a few seconds)). This is also a good indication for a tuned, fine working system with freeness from hacker and trojans and so on.
• "Universal Linux 2010": of at least 8 MB RAM: We tested "Universal Linux 2010" out of kernel-4.19 (pclos, highly recommended, but our choice: 5.4.110 (pclos1) past 4.20.13 (pclos1), alternatively: kernel-4.18 (el8), kernel-4.9 (el6), kernel-2.32 (el6)); tls1.3 requires kernel >= 4.13, see https://www.security-insider.de/https-mit-tls-13-in-der-praxis-a-714096/), if functioning, mkinitrd (pclos, rosa, mga2), nash (pclos, rosa, mga2), dracut (mga6: version 044, el6: version 004 (leads into manual LUKS-password request even in the case of existing password-key-file!, mdv2011: version 008)), glibc (el8: 2.28, pclos: the actual 2.31, mga6: 2.22, fc, for printers with 32-bit driver only like Brother install glibc (2.22, el6) too and relink and delete adequately in /lib), qt4 (el6) and KDE 4 as a mix out of kde (mdv2010.2, November 2011), kde (el6, actual patched, year 2018) and kde (4.4.4, OpenSuSE, 2013), glibc like glibc (pclos: 2.31),
  kernel-firmware (around 250 MB, OpenSuSE, slack 14.2, el6,...), kernel-firmware-extra
  If glibc (mga6, 2.22, pclos) is kept, el8, pclos (at this time 2.31), el7, el6 and ROSA (see our section Update "Universal Linux 2010") provide quit good alternatives to such high versioned Fedora Core (fc >= 29).
  
  If a 32-bit-printer-driver is used, keep the previous glibc for i586, just install glibc (pclos: 2.31 x86_64, el6, x86_64)!
  
  In order to avoid error-messages of glibc (el8) during system-boot, just remove the line LC_TIME=de_DE.UTF-8 in /etc/sysconfig/i18n ! Eventually install locales (pclos, mga7, mga6), locales-en, locales-de, ... too.
  
  
  After the installation of kernel-4.19 (pclos), lookout for the requirements and install missing ones like kmod (pclos): "rpm -qi --requires kernel-4.19....".
• without any breakdowns (stable hard- and software)
• shock-proofed ( SSD )
• break-in-protection (chassis intrusion detection, baby phone etc.)
• standardized, scientific Open Source (code from project groups and software practica of universities)
• self-repairing
• surface covering software (client, server, all rubriques including 3D- und 2D-games, ...) and all already installed on harddisc
• free from licence fees
• free from all maintenance
• free from virusses, worms, hacker, trojans, malware, adware, spyware, Meltdown and Spectre, pharming, spam, phishing, bots, tracking-scripts, cryptominers, driver-problems, ...
• without need of playing doctor (without essential harddisc-scans and self-checks)
• free from any password-hacks and -cracks by locked system and user accounts upon /sbin/nologin for the login-shell, by using (access-protected) key-files from harddisc for the
• LUKS-encrypted partitions (except the LUKS-encrypted root-partition), common read/write/executable/suid/sgid/sticky-access-rights and ACL together with owner rights upon processes directories and files ( especially /usr/bin/su and /bin/su )
• through special kernel-, boot- and mount options, pamd-Login
• Start of X (X11, X-Windows) through options -nolisten tcp and -xauth, special "xhost-"-locks for other user
• Kernel-Securty-Modules (grub-boot-option security): MAC (what is not needed anymore to achieve promised total security, it´s just for lovers): Mandatory Access Control (restricatable process interaction): AppArmor, Tomoyo (graphical support), SELinux, ...
• All root owned processes except X (and mgetty/mingetty, if installed) are started by kthreadd and belong to the kernel
• Hardened kernel (not essentially needed, it origins from Kernel-Security-Module secumod): grsecurity-patches, paxctld
• communication and surfing without any tracks in the world wide web and internet (prconfigured through prefs.js resp. user.js, through firejail sandbox-protected
• Firefox-ESR (Extended Security Release bzw. Pale Moon) with special extensions in private mode), with
• Tor (Tor-Browser) even anonymized within one more own sandbox without the origin IP (anonymized computer-identifying number out of the ipv4-address-namespace) and even
• DNS-Traffic is kept anonymous by TorDNS as the remote-host-DNS, while the most frequent DNS-queries get resolved local within /etc/hosts and persistently pdnsd within the harddisc-cache (/var/lib/cache/pdnsd/pdnsd.cache).
• With Firejail many browser are running firejail´s suid-sandbox, processed under user "surfuser" of the group "surfgroup" resp. "toruser" and "torgroup" by
• https/SSL/TLS (TLS2.0, TLS3.0) not hackable end-to-end-encrypted net-connections
• free from Man-In-The-Middle-Attacks etc. and therefore (through Firewall Linfw3) without ICMP-, UDP- and IGMP-traffic and other communications (communication protocols): iptraf for example always shows an empty second field below the field with the TCP-connections) and so on
• quit upgrade and update-free past year 2026 ( nahezu )
• all partitons including the root-partition and USB-memory-sticks, temporary directories and SWAP-filei are encrypted (FSE: Full System Encryption by LUKS, OpenPGP forr E-mail and single directories and files)
• Because of common read/write/executalbe-access-rights and ACL, directories and files remain free from read, write and execution for all user (except root), especially for the surfuser except oneself as the active user:

paranoid security without too many restrictions for the user!

With this system, be welcomed live on the daily update-channel https://www.pro-linux.de from year 2010 up to year 2026 and longer!

Described "Universal-Linux" also includes emulators for other operating systems (beneath boot manager grub for the multi-boot):

• MS Windows 3.1, 95, 98, SE, ME, NT 4.0, NT 3.5, XP, 2003, Vista, Windows 2008, Windows 7, alles sowohl i686 (32 Bit) als auch x86_64 (64 Bit): Emulator wine (hauptsächlich), qemu oder xen), Virtualisierung: KVM (Kernel-Modul kvm-amd, kvm-intel mit libvirt, qemu-kvm, libvirt-client, libvirt-daemonsystem, bridge-utils, Virt-Manager, von Red Hat entwickelten und von Microsoft signierten Gerätetreiber ( Virt-IO-Driver )), Virtualbox, Vmware ( Einzelheiten zur Virtualisierung siehe z.B. https://www.pcwelt.de/ratgeber/Virtualisierung_unter_Linux-9988750.html )
• MS DOS (dosemu)
• Apple Macintosh (basiliskII), PowerMAC (SheepShaver)
• Cisco 7200 and 3600 and Freescale Coldfire 5206 Emulator​ (dynamips)
• Amiga (uae, fs-uae, e-uae, uade)
• Atari ST, Atari 8 Bit Computer (hatari)
• Commodore VC 64 (vice, micro64), Amstrad CPC (caprice32),
• ZX Spectrum (fbzx), MSX (fmsx, openmsx), NeoGeo (gngeo), Dragon32, Dragon64 und Tandy CoCo (xroar), Minitel (xtel), Nintendo Gameboy (zboy), TI89(Ti)/92(+)/V200 emulator (tiemu3)​ 
• Multi-System-Emulator (simh)
• and many other computer operating systems.

Gooken internet search engine shows you on this website step by step (hook by hook), what has to be done for reaching this total IT-security for the computer! You can enjoy hardened Linux booting from DVD, alternatively from USB-Stick:
"Tails Linux: The Anti-NSA-PC, 04.23.2014
Can NSA crack everything, even hardest encryption? Only a UNIX/Linux based System can achieve security, means one of the authors below. Edward Snowden knows more about this than other ones. In order to make communication really secure, he decided to install the Linux-Distribution Tails. CHIP shows the Anti-NSA-PC for free [...]. Fast and simple: Tails runs as hardened Debian Linux", http://www.chip.de/artikel/Tails-Linux-installieren-Der-Anti-NSA-PC_63845971.html

Edward Snowden also recommends a in his eyes secure Linux/UNIX-derivate on News&Links#Computer and News&Links#Alternatives and secure apps. But if the well-known referencial Computer-system resp. "Universal-Linux" we are going to introduce should ever not be such secure as it ought to be, the setting of the ro-option standing for read-only for the root-partition in /etc/fstab resp. /boot/grub/menu.lst (grub1, analogous grub2) past all the installing and updating can create a shoot-steadfast Linux even on harddrives doing its best.

Darknet-Browser Tor is ready for Android: You can surf complete anonymously with your handy, CHIP, 27.05.2019
The Tor-Browser is rated as a symbol for anonymes surfing in the internet and the easiest way into the Darknet. Now a ready version of the browser was provided in the Google Play Store. We show you, howto surf with this browser by upon your Android smartphone over the Tor-network.
https://www.chip.de/news/Darknet-Browser-Tor-fuer-Android-fertig-Am-Handy-komplett-anonym-surfen_148414180.html

Year 2016: Incredible high rubbish-hills of packages for not actual Linux-distributions are still provided by contributors like fr2.rpmfind.net and pbone.net. Most distribution versions can not be kept up-to-date, while the update-list from pro-linux.de is increasing day by day. Linux, comment from newsgroup alt.linux.suse, year 2003:

"I am so happy, that my linux run stable for the last 12 hours!".

More today:

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.1 receives extended security certifications, Pro-Linux, 14.12.2017
Without modification, Red Hat Enterprise Linux got certified for the "General-Purpose Operating System Protection Profile" (OSPP) 3.9. Now Red Hat Enterprise Linux can be used and applied in security-critical environments.
. https://www.pro-linux.de/news/1/25437/red-hat-enterprise-linux-71-erhält-erweiterte-sicherheitszertifikation.html

Date: 30.03.2011, thanks, we got it: [espeak -v en "] Secure, mouseclick-fast upon MS Windows 7 and Linux and all belonging Linux-games: (bohemian) 19 W power consumpting computer ASUS (mini) ITX-220 from year 2009/2010 with a socked, crasfree bios, onboard Intel-soundchip, onboard Atheros-LAN-Chip and -ROM and onboard INTEL graphics, AOC WLED-TFT less 18 Watt with more than one million working hours, all for about 200 €. Looking upon technical revisions and software-rpm-packet-changelogs one notices, the world gave its best: 2010 - (quit) everything has been made for computers - magic year of fast, ergonomic, powersaving hardware, year of Mandriva 2010, year of CentOS 6 ( DVD CentOS 6 (actual tenth-revision, with many updates and patches by Jonny Hughes, NY) for 4,95 € or for free out of the internet ) and the for the more than 50.000 next ten years (until year 2026) fixed and patched packet-versions of Fedora Project resp. the in a careful way resulting and ( Fedora Core (fc) - ) backported Enterprise Linux (el) resp. CentOS 6, where its IT-security raised up quit to maxium by concept with methods, configurations and updates we want to present here on this webside, so that computer-technique got solved (after a long, long time ...): error-free (total: since python-stablity-patch from year 2016), free from trojans, hacker, viruses, spyware, adware, everything. Day after day the amount of still missing software declined and you still have to keep the computer up to date sometimes by installing some updates. Up to that year, the paid prices for different Linux distributions can exceed even those of other operating systems. But now you won´t have any difficulties. Text to the illustration from the top, Build your final

"UNIVERSAL COMPUTER with UNIVERSAL-LINUX"

consisting of up to 100 DVD a 4,4 GB full of rpm- and deb-packages (Debian) and many Tarballs from anywhere ON THE DAILY UPDATE-PATCH-CHANNEL (fc, el6/sl6) http://www.pro-linux.de/sicherheit/1/1/1.html) and belonging more Packages from pkgs.org, fr2.rpmfind.net and pbone.net. All kind of Linux-games run fine too.

Similar to Scientific Linux, "CentOS" stands for "Community Enterprise Operating System". It is based to 100% upon the source code of Red Hat Enterprise Linux. The only difference is, that commercial support is missing. Typical CentOS-user are organizations and private people aiming for a stable Enterprise-operating-system without the need of commercial support. The stable versions of CentOS are supported with (RPM-) acutualizations for ten years.
CentOS is a Linux-Distribution from Red Hat with the same source code like Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Since January 2014 CentOS belongs to Red Hat as a costly free alternative to Red Hat Enterprise Linux for all those, that do not need commercial support for Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Even no one guarantees, CentOS in fact is almost compatible with Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
https://www.pro-linux.de/news/1/27054/centos-8-benötigt-noch-etwas-zeit.html

What we are going to describe in the following:

No hacker, no virusses, no trojans, no malware, no ad- and no spyware, no ransomware, no dangerous scripts, rare resp. no left traces in the net, ..., nothing of it, and no kernel up from 2.6.39 (if stable) and not much root owned processes, that can affect the computer system anymore: use

• command dd for secure working with the partitionwise restores and backups started from an encrypted rescue partition, usb-memory-stick or DVD like Knoppix together with cryptsetup (LUKS) installed,
• ipables-based firewall linfw3,
• port scan detection (psad, psd),
• intrusion detection sysems (IDS)
• the local dns-cache dnsmasq
• and adblocker like our listing importing konqueror-adblocker and free useragent-settings and other extensions for your browser together with
• sandbox firejail (pclos),
• configure /etc/fstab for the declaration of the partitions and file systems, in our case ext4 under security aspects,
• configure /etc/passwd for the blocking shells,
• set owner- and access-rights,
• ACL (setfacl/getfacl),
• use MAC (apparmor, tomoyo) and
• chattr upon UNIX/Linux-filesystems and follow the
• configurations and methods introduced here on this webside to make security really possible! Profit from
• end-to-end-encrypting TLS/SSL used by browser like Konqueror, Firefox, Firefox ESR resp. Tor-Browser (Firefox ESR) and
• pgp/gpg- and TLS-based e-mail-clients like Thunderbird and/or Kmail, claws-mail with claws-mail-plugins, ...
• all this upon a Luks/dm-crypt and dracut full encrypted computer-system (FSE), going sure also with a read-only set (and by dracut LUKS-encrypted) root-partition.

HOWTO: Either you install the version of an actual (new) Linux-distribution after the expiration of the updates for your installed one, we recommend Debian Linux resp. Ubuntu, SuSE Linux, Fedora, the in a careful way from Fedora resulting and backported CentOS (resp. RedHat), Rosa and Openmandriva, PCWelt: Ubuntu and Mint, or you install the covering and approved (and many, many TOP-games on the base of OpenGL and SDL including) el6, mdv2010.0 resp. mdv2011, mga1 up to mga3 or any rpm-distribution of the last decades from fr2.rpmfind.net and care for its updates. For mdv2010.0 you think of updating with the secure running autumn- and spring- updatening version mdv2010.1 and mdv2010.2 to mdv2010.2 (65 GB, around 15 DVD).

How does this work? It´s easy (or it sound so): All you need for the next time in principle is "any" Linux-distribution from DVD/CD, USB-memory-stick or per download out of the internet etc., one that is named by PRO-Linux (http://www.pro-linux.de/1/1/sicherheit.html) withiin the hugh update-listing of the last ten, twenty years. Install this distribution following the self activating installation instructions onto an installation media (we recommend an at least 120 GB Solid State Disk (SSD with an at least 65 GB sized main- resp. root-partition and at least 2 GB SWAP-partition)) and eventually more single programms resp. packages with the help of an as much expressive packagemanger as possible. We recommend Debian Linux or a ( Fedora Core - ) backported and long-update-support guaranteeing Linux-Distribution (like RedHat resp. CentOS and Scientific Linux el6 and el7). Regardless from the amount of software resp. packages, this Linux-Distribution can be considered as a gear to the big UNIX/Linux- and its emulation-world of even more, we recommend actual UNIX-/Linux-distributions, actual updates and all kind of software and games. Emulation means, that with the help of emulators (like Wine for MS Windows) and virtual machines like Xen and Qemu software running upon other operating systems can be used too. Notice, that it is possible to install all software on the installation media at once without risking too much. The important thing is, that it is possisble to upgrade the Standard-GNU-C-library (glibc) of this distribution, so that the kernel of the LONGTERM-series out of kernel-3 and -4 can be upgraded too..

A securing 1:1 partioned media should not miss! Perform all security methods introduced in future point by point as soon as possible, as the installation is endangered extremely (by hacker and so on) with the very first built-up connection to the net!

quot;There is not much diffrence between the Linux-Distributions / Der Unterschied zwischen den Linux-Distributionen ist nicht sehr groß mit Ausnahme der Basisinstallation und der Paketverwaltung. Die meisten Distributionen beinhalten zum Großteil die gleichen Anwendungen. Der Hauptunterschied besteht in den Versionen dieser Programme, die mit der stabilen Veröffentlichung der Distribution ausgeliefert werden. Zum Beispiel sind der Kernel, Bind, Apache, OpenSSH, Xorg, gcc, zlib, etc. in allen Linux-Distributionen vorhanden."
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch12.de.html

Avoid Legacy Communication Services
A large number of legacy Unix programs do not provide essential security during data transmission. These include FTP, Telnet, rlogin, and rsh. No matter whether you´re securing your Linux server or personal system, stop using these services for good.
You can use other alternatives for this type of data transfer tasks. For example, services like OpenSSH, SFTP, or FTPS makes sure that data transmission happens over a secure channel. Some of them employ SSL or TLS encryptions to harden your data communication. You may use the below commands to remove legacy services like NIS, telnet, and rsh from your system.
# yum erase xinetd ypserv tftp-server telnet-server rsh-server
# apt-get --purge remove xinetd nis yp-tools tftpd atftpd tftpd-hpa telnetd rsh-server rsh-redone-server
Use the first command for RPM-based distributions like RHEL and Centos or any system that uses the yum package manager. The second command works on Debian/Ubuntu-based systems.
https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/

Enable SELinux
SELinux or Security Enhanced Linux is a security mechanism that implements various methods for access control at the kernel level. SELinux is developed by Red Hat and has been added to many modern Linux distributions. You can think of it as a set of kernel modifications and user-space tools. You can check out whether SELinux is enabled in your system or not by using the below command.
# getenforce
If it returns enforcing that means your system is protected by SELinux. If the result says permissive that means your system has SELinux but it´s not enforced. It will return disabled for systems where SELinux is completely disabled. You can enforce SELinux by using the below command.
# setenforce 1
https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/

Lock Login Attempts after Failure
Admins should make sure that users can´t log into their server after a certain number of failed attempts. This increases the overall security of the system by mitigating password attacks. You can use the Linux faillog command to see the failed login attempts.
# faillog
# faillog -m 3
# faillog -l 1800
The first command will display the failed login attempts for users from the /var/log/faillog database. The second command sets the maximum number of allowed failed login attempts to 3. The third one sets a lock of 1800 seconds or 30 minutes after the allowed number of failed login attempts.
# faillog -r -u <username>,
Use this command to unlock a user once they´re prohibited from login. The max number of failed login attempts for the root user should be high or else brute force attacks may leave you locked.
https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/

Check for Empty Passwords
Users are the weakest link in a system´s overall security. Admins need to make sure that no user on the system has empty passphrases. This is a mandatory step for proper Linux hardening. Use the following awk command in Linux to verify this.
# awk -F: ´($2 == "") {print}´ /etc/shadow
It will display if there´re any user accounts that have an empty password in your server. To increase Linux server hardening, lock any user that uses empty passphrases. You can use the below command to do this from your Linux terminal.
# passwd -l <username>
https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/

Validate the UID of Non-Root Users
A UID or User-ID is a non-negative number assigned to the users of a system by the kernel. The UID 0 is the UID of the superuser or root. It is important to make sure that no user other than root has this UID value. Else, they can masquerade the whole system as root.
# awk -F: ´($3 == "0") {print}´ /etc/passwd
You can find out which users have this UID value by running this awk program. The output should contain only a single entry, which corresponds to root.
https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/

Remove the X Window Systems (x11)
The X Window Systems or x11 is the de-facto graphical interface for Linux systems. If you´re using Linux for powering your server instead of your personal system, you can delete this entirely. It will help to increase your server security by removing a lot of unnecessary packages.
# yum groupremove "X Window System"
This yum command will delete x11 from RHEL or Centos systems. If you´re using Debian/Ubuntu instead, use the following command.
# apt-get remove xserver-xorg-core
https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/


Disable the X Window Systems (x11)
If you don´t want to delete x11 permanently, you may disable this service instead. This way, your system will boot into text mode instead of the GUI. Edit the /etc/default/grub file using your favorite Linux text editor.
# nano /etc/default/grub
Find the below line -
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
Now, change it to -
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="text"
Finally, update the GRUB file by using -
# update-grub
The last step is to tell systemd to not load the GUI system. You can do this by running the below commands.
# systemctl enable multi-user.target --force # systemctl set-default multi-user.target https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/

Investigate IP Addresses
If you find any suspicious IP in your network, you can investigate it using standard Linux commands. The below command uses netstat and awk to display a summary of running protocols.
# netstat -nat | awk ´{print $6}´ | sort | uniq -c | sort -n
Use the below command to find more information about a specific IP.
# netstat -nat |grep <IP_ADDR>, | awk ´{print $6}´ | sort | uniq -c | sort -n
To see all unique IP addresses, use the following command.
# netstat -nat | awk ´{ print $5}´ | cut -d: -f1 | sed -e ´/^$/d´ | uniq
Feed the above command to wc for getting the number total of unique IP addresses.
# netstat -nat | awk ´{ print $5}´ | cut -d: -f1 | sed -e ´/^$/d´ | uniq | wc -l
Visit our guide on various Linux network commands if you want to dive deeper into network security.
https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/

Disable SUID and SGID Permission
SUID and SGID are special types of file permission in the Linux file system. Having the SUID permission allows users other to run executable files like they are the owner of those files. Likewise, the SGID permission gives directory rights similar to the owner but also gives ownership of all child files in a directory.
These are bad since you don´t want any users other than you to have those permissions on a secure server. You should find any file that has SUID and SGID enabled and disable those. The following commands will respectively list all files that have SUID and SGID permission enabled.
# find / -perm /4000
# find / -perm /2000
Investigate these files upon /etc/permissions* (permissions, OpenSuSE) properly and see if these permissions are mandatory or not. If not, remove SUID/SGID privileges. The below commands will remove SUID/SGID respectively.
https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/

Enable Disk Quotas
Disk Quotas are simply limits set by the system administrator which restrict usage of the Linux filesystem for other users. If you are hardening your Linux security, implementing disk quotas is mandatory for your server.
# nano /etc/fstab
LABEL=/home /home ext2 defaults,usrquota,grpquota 1 2
Add the above line to /etc/fstab for enabling disk quota for the /home filesystem. If you have already a line /home, modify that accordingly.
# quotacheck -avug
This command will display all quota information and create the files aquota.user and aquota.group in /home.
# edquota <user>,
This command will open the quota settings of <user>, in an editor where you can assign the quota limits. You can set both soft and hard limits for the disk quota size as well as the number of inodes. Use the below command to view a report on the disk quota usage.
# repquota /home
https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/


Maintain Word-Writable Files
Word-writable files are fils that anyone can write to. This can be very dangerous since it effectively allows users to run executables. Plus, your Linux hardening is not foolproof unless you´ve set the appropriate sticky bits. A sticky bit is a single bit that, when set, prevents users from deleting someone else´s directories.
Thus, if you´ve got world-writable files that have sticky bits set, anyone can delete these files, even if they´re not owned by them. This is another serious issue and will often cause havoc on server security. Luckily, you can find all such files by using the below command.
# find /path/to/dir -xdev -type d \( -perm -0002 -a ! -perm -1000 \) -print
Replace the path argument with directories that may contain such files. You can also start from the root ‘/´ of your filesystem but it´ll take a long time to execute. Once listed, investigate the files thoroughly and change their permissions as required.
https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/

Maintain Noowner Files
Noowner files are files that do not have any owner or group associated with them. These can pose a number of unwanted security threats. So, admins should take the necessary measures required to identify these. They can either assign them to the appropriate users or may delete them entirely.
You can use the following find command to list the noowner files present in a directory. Check out this guide to learn more about the find command in Linux.
# find /path/to/dir -xdev -type d \( -perm -0002 -a ! -perm -1000 \) -print
Inspect the results thoroughly to make sure there aren´t any unwanted noowner files in your server.
https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/

Install Logwatch / Logcheck
Log analyzer

Secure Web Server
Linux servers are widely used for powering web applications. If you´re using your server for this purpose, you need to harden your server components appropriately. Some of these the PHP runtime, Apache HTTP server, and the Nginx reverse proxy server. Secure your Apache server by adding the below lines in the configuration file.
# nano /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
ServerTokens Prod
ServerSignature Off
TraceEnable Off
Options all -Indexes
Header always unset X-Powered-By
# systemctl restart httpd.service
We´ve prepared a standalone guide on the Nginx server a while ago. Follow the suggestions in that guide to secure your Nginx server. Head over to this documentation for learning the best PHP security practices.
https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/

Configure TCP Wrappers
TCP wrappers are a host-based network filtering system that allows or denies access to your host services based on pre-set policies. However, for it to work, your host service must be compiled against the libwrap.a library. Some common TCP wrapperd Unix daemons include sshd, vsftpd, and xinetd.
# ldd /sbin/sshd | grep libwrap
This command will notify if a service is supported by TCP wrappers or not. The TCP wrappers system enforces access control using two configuration files, the /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny. For example, add the following lines to /etc/hosts.allow for allowing all incoming requests to the ssh daemon.
# nano /etc/hosts.allow
sshd : ALL
Add the following to /etc/hosts.deny for rejecting all incoming requests to the FTP daemon. # nano /etc/hosts.deny
vsftpd : ALL
To see more information about the configuration options, consult the tcpd man page, or visit this documentation from FreeBSD.
https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/

Maintain Cron Access
Linux provides robust automation support by means of cron jobs. In short, you can specify routine tasks using the cron scheduler. Visit our earlier guide on cron and crontab to learn how cron works. Nevertheless, admins must make sure that ordinary users are unable to access or put entries in the crontab. Simply put their usernames in the /etc/cron.deny file to do this.
# echo ALL >,>,/etc/cron.deny
This command will disable cron for all users in your server except root. To allow access for a specific user, add his username.
https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/

Disable Ctrl+Alt+Delete
The Ctrl+Alt+Delete key combinations allow users to force reboot many Linux distributions. This can be particularly problematic if you´re managing a secure server. Admins should disable this hotkey in order to maintain proper Linux hardening. You can run the following command to disable this in systemd-based systems.
# systemctl mask ctrl-alt-del.target
If you´re on legacy systems that use init V instead of systemd, edit the /etc/inittab file and comment out the following line by appending a hash before it.
# nano /etc/inittab
https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/

Restrict Core Dumps
Core dumps are memory snapshots (core-files) that contain crash information of executables. These are created when binaries stop working or crash in simple terms. They contain too much sensitive information about the host system and may threaten your Linux security if fallen into the wrong hands. Thus, it is always a good idea to restrict core dumps on production servers.
# echo ´hard core 0´ >,>, /etc/security/limits.conf
# echo ´fs.suid_dumpable = 0´ >,>, /etc/sysctl.conf
# sysctl -p
# echo ´ulimit -S -c 0 >, /dev/null 2>,&1´ >,>, /etc/profile
Run the above commands to restrict cor dumps on your server and increase Linux hardening.
https://www.ubuntupit.com/best-linux-hardening-security-tips-a-comprehensive-checklist/

Right up from the very beginning - installing an OS like UNIX/Linux

... most already through installation media:

format -" partitioning -> format -> encryption (full system encryption, FSE) -> format -> installation (from extern media) -> configuration -> defragmentation (not essential for many UNIX/Linux file systems) -> encryption (full system encryption, FSE) -> (backup with dd and) actualization -> configuration -> (backup with dd and) actualization ( ... notice total time needed: ? )

Alternatively: Some nice "guy" or so does many things for you by mirroring almost completed system from his onto your own media (SSD (sdx), harddisc (S-ATA: sdx, IDE: hdx, CD-/DVD, USB-memory stick, ...). This can save plenty of time (look out for the right processor architecture (x86_64, i686, ...) and set /etc/X11/xorg.conf for the next time to vesa or fb)! Do this mirroring with a command like: "dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb"
Use sdd instead of dd to see a progress bar.

Used editor in the following: nano

First this webside introduces some configurations, followed by actualization, partitioning, encryption during the introduction of basic shell-commands.

Mounting partitions the right way
When mounting an Ext file system (ext2, ext3 or ext4), there are several additional options you can apply to the mount call or to /etc/fstab. For instance, this is my fstab entry for the /tmp partition:

/dev/hda7 /tmp ext2 defaults,nosuid,noexec,nodev 0 2

You see the difference in the options sections. The option nosuid ignores the setuid and setgid bits completely, while noexec forbids execution of any program on that mount point, and nodev ignores device files. This sounds great, but it:

only applies to ext2 or ext3 file systems

can be circumvented easily

The noexec option prevents binaries from being executed directly, but was easily circumvented in earlier versions of the kernel:

alex@joker:/tmp# mount | grep tmp
/dev/hda7 on /tmp type ext2 (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
alex@joker:/tmp# ./date
bash: ./date: Permission denied
alex@joker:/tmp# /lib/ld-linux.so.2 ./date
Sun Dec 3 17:49:23 CET 2000

Newer versions of the kernel do however handle the noexec flag properly:

angrist:/tmp# mount | grep /tmp
/dev/hda3 on /tmp type ext3 (rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev)
angrist:/tmp# ./date
bash: ./tmp: Permission denied
angrist:/tmp# /lib/ld-linux.so.2 ./date
./date: error while loading shared libraries: ./date: failed to map segment
from shared object: Operation not permitted

However, many script kiddies have exploits which try to create and execute files in /tmp. If they do not have a clue, they will fall into this pit. In other words, a user cannot be tricked into executing a trojanized binary in /tmp e.g. when /tmp is accidentally added into the local PATH.

Also be forewarned, some script might depend on /tmp being executable. Most notably, Debconf has (had?) some issues regarding this, for more information see Bug 116448.

Decisive advantage of option noexec, especially for the home partition: Potential virus host cells (executable files, that may be virus infected hosts) remain absolutely ineffective! Viruses can not infect files on the home partition and temporary partitions, if the option noexec is set (while the root-partition got already resistant against viruses in usermode by normal access-rights below or equal chmod <=755 for owners like root !)

The following is a more thorough example. A note, though: /var could be set noexec, but some software [21] keeps its programs under in /var. The same applies to the nosuid option.

/dev/sda6 /usr ext3 defaults,ro,nodev 0 2
/dev/sda12 /usr/share ext3 defaults,ro,nodev,nosuid 0 2
/dev/sda7 /var ext3 defaults,nodev,usrquota,grpquota 0 2
/dev/sda8 /tmp ext3 defaults,nodev,nosuid,noexec,usrquota,grpquota 0 2
/dev/sda9 /var/tmp ext3 defaults,nodev,nosuid,noexec,usrquota,grpquota 0 2
/dev/sda10 /var/log ext3 defaults,nodev,nosuid,noexec 0 2
/dev/sda11 /var/account ext3 defaults,nodev,nosuid,noexec 0 2
/dev/sda13 /home ext3 rw,nosuid,nodev,exec,auto,nouser,async,usrquota,grpquota 0 2
/dev/fd0 /mnt/fd0 ext3 defaults,users,nodev,nosuid,noexec 0 0
/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy vfat defaults,users,nodev,nosuid,noexec 0 0
/dev/hda /mnt/cdrom iso9660 ro,users,nodev,nosuid,noexec 0 0
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch4.en.html

Postfix - shorten information


/etc/postifx/main.cf

smtpd_banner = $myhostname ESMTP $mail_name (FreeBSD/GNU)

... that means without version number and eventually with a new operating system name.
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch12.de.html

dbus (messagebus): Secure up single service-files
dbus of many versions does make mistakes from time to time, by removing single service-files out of /usr/share/dbus-1/services and /usr/share/dbus-1/system-services from time to time without being allowed.
Therefore all service-files should be backuped in any backup-directory.

Exchange "Exec=kded" into "Exec=kded4"
nano /usr/share/dbus-1/services/org.kde.kded.service
[D-BUS Service]
Name=org.kde.kded
Exec=/usr/bin/kded4

Just update by the kernel-binary (kernel-...rpm) or configure, patch and compile the kernel-source (kernel-...rpm.src)
We assume, that any rpm-based Linux-Distribution is already installed on a storage media like harddisc. Our section for updates refers to RedHat, CentOS oder Scientific Linux, Fedora Core, PCLinuxOS, ROSA, Mageia oder Mandriva.
How to configure, patch and compile kernel-sources: Download and install all binary rpm required for the kernel. Then download, install or enpack the kernel-source-rpm into /usr/src either by "tar -xvjf kernel-source-package", rpm on the kernel-source-rpm or file-roller. A new directory named "linux-kernelversion-xxx" or "kernel-source-xxx" is created within /usr/src.
Link this new directory to a linking file named linux: "ln -sf linux-xxx linux" resp. "ln -sf kernel-source-xxx linux".
Change into this directory linux resp. linux-xxx resp. kernel-source-xxxx and call "menu oldconfig".. A file .config is created to configure the kernel.
Type "menu xconfig" or "menu gconfig" or "make menuconfig" and configure the kernel-drivers and so on needed (CC), needed as modules (CC MM) and such to resign from.
For FSE (full system encryption) by dracut, two options have to be enabled, what is already done in kernel (pclos, rosa2016.1, el8, el7) and kernel-desktop (mdv2011) but not kernel (el6):

Generally, the security level of software is not only presented by stability, but also by the freeness of errors and warnings during the compilation of their source codes listed by the compiler. Kernel-2.6.32 (el6) consists of many of them and some of them are caused by kmem.h, while the quit restless error-free (only a few small patches 2012-2016 inclusive dirty-cow are known!) kernel-2.6.39.4-5.1 (mdv2011) runs error-free on our system without any warnings during the compilation time of around four hours! This is the best sign for good and secure running code. The only thing remaining is to patch with the dirty-cow-patch in mm.h and memory.c.

http://repository.timesys.com/buildsources/k/kernel/kernel-2.6.39/

Kernel: We recommend kernel 4 (we chose 5.4.110 (pclos) past 4.20.13 (pclos) with mkinitrd (pclos, rosa, mga2), nash (pclos, rosa, mga2), dracut (mga6: version 044, el6: version 004 (leads into manual LUKS-password request even in the case of existing password-key-file!, mdv2011: Version 008)) and glibc (el8, pclos)), but do describe 2.6.39.4-5 now (also running on some playstations and so on) patched up to date by sources (containing the dirty-cow-patch in main), consisting of less compilation warning and no errors than 2.6.32 (el6). This mdv-kernel is described from patch-sources like http://repository.timesys.com/buildsources/k/kernel/kernel-2.6.39/, kernel itself from http://fr2.rpmfind.net/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.39.4.tar.xz: kernel-desktop (mdv2011): glibc (pclos, mga6), module-init-tools (we recommend mdv2011, but you can also use el6, up to 3.16; append ".conf" to all files in /etc/modules.d; module-init-tools (mdv2011) never makes trouble with it), coreutils (el6), initscripts (mdv2011, pclos and el6 as depecited below), util-linux (mdv2011 or el6 except /bin/mount, /bin/mount and /lib64/libmount* you have to delete after enpacking the rpm (not installing!) and copying its include), kernel-firmware (pclos, slack14.2 with more than 250 MB unpacked, mga6, el6), if you want plus kernel-firmware (OpenSuSE 42.1, 32 MB) plus kernel-firmware (OpenSuSE 13.2) plus linux-firmware (fc27, 35 MB) plus kernel-firmware-extra (pclos, rosa2014.1), kernel-headers (el6), kernel-doc (el6), ksymoops (OpenSuSE 12.2, mdv2011), coreutils (el6), coreutils-libs (el6), binutils (fc25, el6), nss (el7, el6, fc30), nss-softokn (el7, el6, fc30), nss-sysinit (el7, el6, fc30) und nss-softokn-freebl (el7, el6, fc30), nss-util (el7, el6, fc30), nss-tools (el7, el6, fc30) .
glibc (el8: 2.28, pclos: the actual 2.31, mga6: 2.22, fc, for printers with 32-bit driver only like Brother install glibc (2.22, el6) too and relink and delete adequately in /lib),

In order to avoid error-messages of glibc (el8) during system-boot, just remove the line LC_TIME=de_DE.UTF-8 in /etc/sysconfig/i18n ! Eventually install locales (pclos, mga7, mga6), locales-en, locales-de, ... too.

All patches for 2.6.39.4-5.1 until now are available in the internet from http://repository.timesys.com/buildsources/k/kernel/kernel-2.6.39/.
compiler-gcc5, add-timesys-bootlogo, dirty-cow, lantronix-ts1, no-setlocalversion, no-unused-but-set-variable, revert-nfsroot, timeconst.pl-eliminate-perl-warning, ltrx-image-rom and yaffs2.

Patch: patch (el6, fc27, mdv2010.1) has to be installed. Then type "patch -p1 < ../patchname.patch "

But at first do the following:

Actual Kernel: how to install a patched kernel-source: A lot of freed partition (memory) is required, maybe plenty of Gigabyte. Download and install all binary rpm required for the kernel. Then download and enpack the kernel-source-rpm into /usr/src either by "tar -xvjf kernel-source-package" or file-roller.

Two possibilites:
1) building a kernel-rpm out of the sources after applying the patches: Configure the spec-file of the installed source-rpm by adding or commenting in and out the patches to build a new binary kernel-rpm to install or update: https://www.howtoforge.de/anleitung/wie-man-einen-kernel-kompiliert-auf-fedora/. For CentOS and mdv depending on the package manager use command "rpm -ba" instead of "rpmbuild -ba" kernel-xxx.spec to create the binary..
2) Configure the sources and compile them:
A new directory named "linux-kernelversion" or "kernel-source-kernelversion" is created within /usr/src.
Link this new directory to a linking file named linux: "ln -sf linux-kernelversion linux" resp. "ln -sf kernel-source-kernelversion linux".
Change into this directory linux resp. linux-kernelversion resp. kernel-source-xxxx and call "menu oldconfig". A file .config is created to configure the kernel. Copy .config to include/config/auto.conf

If you do not know, what to enable or not, choose MM
(M) or (CC) to load as a module wherever possible,
(A) or (CC MM) auto-load the module or
(-): resign from the module.

Example (module extraction of kernel-2.6.39-40.src.rpm)


General Preparation of Linux, kernel-2.6.39-40.src.rpm

In order to take a firewall in use, kernel support for iptables and modules should be enabled.
Open a konsole and enter one of the statements
make menuconfig for the Dialog-GUI,
male xconfig for tk-GUI or
make gconfig with GTK or
make config


Choose kernel options within

Networking options --->
[*] Network packet filtering (replaces ipchains)
IP: Netfilter Configuration --->
.
(M) Userspace queueing via NETLINK (EXPERIMENTAL)
(M) IP tables support (required for filtering/masq/NAT)
(M) limit match support
(M) MAC address match support
(M) netfilter MARK match support
(M) Multiple port match support

(M) TOS match support
(M) Connection state match support
(M) Unclean match support (EXPERIMENTAL)
(M) Owner match support (EXPERIMENTAL)
(M) Packet filtering
(M) REJECT target support
(M) MIRROR target support (EXPERIMENTAL)
.
(M) Packet mangling
(M) TOS target support
(M) MARK target support
(M) LOG target support
(M) ipchains (2.2-style) support
(M) ipfwadm (2.0-style) support

think of other options (modules), store this configuration.

Before iptables can be used, the kernel module netfilter for the support of iptables has to be loaded e.g. by the statement modprobe:
# modprobe ip_tables

kernel-firmware (binary blobs within /lib/firmware, rpm kernel-firmware (around 250 MB) and/or kernel-firmware-extra ):

For kernels before 4.18:
KERNEL Enable support for Linux firmware

Device Drivers --->
Generic Driver Options --->
-*- Userspace firmware loading support
[*] Include in-kernel firmware blobs in kernel binary
(/lib/firmware) Firmware blobs root directory

For kernels beginning with 4.18:
KERNEL Enable support for Linux firmware

Device Drivers --->
Generic Driver Options --->
Firmware loader --->
-*- Firmware loading facility
() Build named firmware blobs into the kernel binary
(/lib/firmware) Firmware blobs root directory

Type "make dep && make clean && make mrproper" .

Type "menu xconfig" or "menu gconfig" or "make menuconfig" and configure the kernel-drivers and so on needed (CC), needed as modules (CC MM) and such to resign from, or for a pregiven configuration type "make oldconfig".

For FSE (full system encryption) by dracut, two options have to be enabled, what is already done in kernel-desktop (mdv2011) but not kernel (el6):
within the first item "General Setup"enable "Initial-RAM-filesystem and RAM-disk-support"and in "general drivers" enable the option "Maintain a devtmpfs at /dev/ with subitem "automount devtmpfs at /dev, after the kernel mounted the rootfs".
If you do not know, what to enable or not, choose MM to load as a module wherever possible.
Save the new .config.
Set the Kernel-Version at the top of the makefile.
Three possibilites, after the patching of the source-code like the dirty-cow-patch:
patch -p1 < ../any_patch.patch
apply all other patches in this way
make -i rpm (to create the binary kernel-rpm package, what endures on our system for around four hours)
make all # or
make dep (dependency properties to establish the relationship)
make clean (to remove the old data)
make bzImage (to create its core vmlinuz for /boot only after renaming the created file bzImage: time needed: around 30 minutes) or
make bzImage &,& make modules && make modules_install for the installation of the kernel-modules too.
Copy the bzImage to /boot, rename it to vmlinuz-kernelversion.
Use mkinitrd resp. in the case of FSE (Full Disk Encryption resp. encrypted root-partition) dracut to create the initrd resp. initramfs within directory /boot. If dracut does not work anymore ex. as a cause of updates, rename the new-kernel-version to the old-kernel-version in Makefile and make bzImage once again.
If you use grub as the bootloader and not grub2 and the configufile is still not configured for the new kernel, do this by editing /boot/grub/menu.lst and exchanging the vmlinuz-kernel-versions. If a new initramfs or initrd is created, enter them in the line for initrd.
done.

Installation guide and for tuning Linux secure: https://wiki.kairaven.de/open/os/linux/tuxsectune and https://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/OS_Protection ( in our example related to mdv2010.2 or CentOS 6 el6 with many patches/updates by Jonny Hughes, NY ). Be careful, for example with the exchange of the password-encryption from md5 to sha256 or sha512 and the /etc/system-auth. Make backup or copies!

Through "about:config" many URL can be removed out of the listing after typing in "http".

Using Compile-time-Hardening-Options
Several compile-time options (detailed below) can be used to help harden a resulting binary against memory corruption attacks or provide additional warning messages during compiles. Using "dpkg-buildflags" is the recommended way to incorporate the build flags in Debian.
See ReleaseGoals/SecurityHardeningBuildFlags for additional information, https://wiki.debian.org/ReleaseGoals/SecurityHardeningBuildFlags.
For a step-by-step guide, see the HardeningWalkthrough, https://wiki.debian.org/HardeningWalkthrough.
Source: https://wiki.debian.org/Hardening
Fedora/CentOS etc: https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Changes/Harden_All_Packages

Listing: Linux-Security-Updates up from year 2000, PRO-LINUX.de
... of the most important distributions with naming the closed error, bug resp. exploit
https://www.pro-linux.de/sicherheit/1/1/1.html

Recent LWN.net security pages
Here are the most recent LWN.net security pages, with a comprehensive roundup of a week´s worth security-related information.


Date Contents
Apr 12, 2017 Network security in the microservice environment; Two Project Zero reports; ..
. Apr 05, 2017 ARM pointer authentication; Quotes; Exploiting Broadcom WiFi; ...
Mar 29, 2017 refcount_t meets the network stack; Quotes; ...
Mar 22, 2017 Inline encryption support for block devices; Shim review; ..
. Mar 15, 2017 A kernel TEE party; Quotes; Struts 2 vulnerability; ...
Mar 08, 2017 A new process for CVE assignment; Smart TV bugging quotes; Threat modeling ...
Mar 01, 2017 The case of the prematurely freed SKB; SHA-1 collision and fallout; ...
Feb 22, 2017 The case against password hashers; New vulnerabilities in dropbear, kernel, nagios-core, qemu, ...
Feb 15, 2017 A look at password managers; New vulnerabilities in kernel, libevent, mysql, php, ...
Feb 08, 2017 Reliably generating good passwords; New vulnerabilities in epiphany, graphicsmagick, gstreamer (and plugins), spice, ...
Feb 01, 2017 The Internet of scary things; New vulnerabilities in ansible, chromium, kernel, mozilla, ...
Jan 25, 2017 Security training for everyone; New vulnerabilities in fedmsg, firejail, java, systemd, ...
Jan 18, 2017 Ansible and CVE-2016-9587; New vulnerabilities in bind, docker, qemu, webkit2gtk, ...
Jan 11, 2017 SipHash in the kernel; New vulnerabilities in kernel, kopete, syncthing, webkit2gtk, ...
Jan 04, 2017 Fuzzing open source; New vulnerabilities in bash, httpd, kernel, openssh, ...
Dec 22, 2016 OWASP ModSecurity Core Rule Set 3.0; New vulnerabilities in apport, kernel, libupnp, samba, ...
Dec 14, 2016 ModSecurity for web-application firewalls; New vulnerabilities in jasper, kernel, mozilla, roundcube, ...
Dec 07, 2016 Locking down module parameters; New vulnerabilities in chromium, firefox, kernel, xen, ...
Nov 30, 2016 Django debates user tracking; New vulnerabilities in drupal, firefox, kernel, ntp, ...
Nov 16, 2016 Reference-count protection in the kernel; New vulnerabilities in chromium, firefox, kernel, sudo, ...
https://lwn.net/Security/

Setting /usr read-only for the separate usr-partition
If you set /usr read-only (in /etc/fstab), you will not be able to install new packages on your Debian GNU/Linux system. You will have to first remount it read-write, install the packages and then remount it read-only. apt can be configured to run commands before and after installing packages, so you might want to configure it properly.
To do this modify /etc/apt/apt.conf and add:

DPkg
{
Pre-Invoke { "mount /usr -o remount,rw" };
Post-Invoke { "mount /usr -o remount,ro" };
};

Note that the Post-Invoke may fail with a "/usr busy" error message. This happens mainly when you are using files during the update that got updated. You can find these programs by running

# lsof +L1

Stop or restart these programs and run the Post-Invoke manually. Beware! This means you´ll likely need to restart your X session (if you´re running one) every time you do a major upgrade of your system. You might want to reconsider whether a read-only /usr is suitable for your system ( and please notice, that this might not be recommended, if there is an encrypted root-partition), see also this discussion on debian-devel about read-only /usr.
We are going to encrypt even more the complete system (FSE) by reliable LUKS, including the complete root- and home-partition (and USB-media) to set partitions unwriteable to read-only. Notice, that this does not exclude the same for a separate usr-partition.

/etc/pam.d/system-auth ( tested just on our platform and system ):

#%PAM-1.0
auth required pam_env.so
auth sufficient pam_unix.so try_first_pass likeauth
auth required pam_deny.so
auth requisite pam_succeed_if.so uid >= 500 quiet
auth required pam_tally2.so deny=3 onerr=fail unlock_time=60
account sufficient pam_tcb.so shadow
account required pam_deny.so
account sufficient pam_succeed_if.so uid < 500 quiet
account required pam_tally2.so per_user
password required pam_cracklib.so try_first_pass retry=3 minlen=6 dcredit=1 ucredit=0
password sufficient pam_unix.so try_first_pass use_authtok sha512 shadow remember=2
password required pam_deny.so
session optional pam_keyinit.so revoke
session required pam_limits.so
session [success=1 default=ignore] pam_succeed_if.so service in crond quiet use_uid
session required pam_unix.so

More about pam-modules:
http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/linux/2001/09/27/pamintro.html?page=2
https://linux.die.net/man/5/pam.d

One more things with PAM:
Use encryption other than DES for your passwords (making them harder to brute-force decode).
Set resource limits on all your users so they can´t perform denial-of-service attacks (number of processes, amount of memory, etc).
Enable shadow passwords (see below) on the fly.
Allow specific users to login only at specific times from specific places.
Within a few hours of installing and configuring your system, you can prevent many attacks before they even occur. For example, use PAM to disable the system-wide usage of .rhosts files in user´s home directories by adding these lines to /etc/pam.d/rlogin:

#
# Disable rsh / rlogin / rexec for users
#
login auth required pam_rhosts_auth.so no_rhosts

Quelle: http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Security-HOWTO/password-security.html#AEN698

Account locking
While having strong passwords in place for user accounts can help thwart brute force attacks as mentioned previously in point 18 - Enforce strong passwords, this is only one way of slowing down this type of attack. A good indication of brute force attack is a user account that has failed to log in successfully multiple times within a short period of time, these sorts of actions should be blocked and reported. We can block these attacks by automatically locking out the account, either at the directory if in use or locally.

The pam_tally2.so PAM module can be used to lock out local accounts after a set number of failures. To get this working I have added the below line to the /etc/pam.d/password-auth file.

auth required pam_tally2.so file=/var/log/tallylog deny=3 even_deny_root unlock_time=1200

This will log all failures to the /var/log/tallylog file and lock out an account after 3 consecutive failures. By default it will not deny the root account however we can also lock out root by specifying even_deny_root (though this may not be required if you have disabled root access as per point 3 - Disable remote root access and point 4 - Disable root console access). The unlock time is the amount of seconds after a failed login attempt that an account will automatically unlock and become available again.

Failed logins can be viewed as below, to view all failures simply remove the --user flag.

[[email protected] ~]# pam_tally2 --user=bob Login Failures Latest failure From bob 4 08/21/15 19:38:23 localhost

The failure count can be manually reset by appending -reset onto this command.

pam_tally2 --user=bob --reset

If a login is successful before the limit has been reached the failure count will reset to 0. For more details see the pam_tally2 manual page by typing ´man pam_tally2´.

It´s worth noting that the manual page advises to configure this with the /etc/pam.d/login file, however I found that under CentOS 7 this did not work and needed to use the /etc/pam.d/password-auth file instead. I also tried using /etc/pam.d/system-auth which I found documented elsewhere but this also failed, so this may differ based on your operating system.

You can also manually lock and unlock local user accounts rather than waiting for the failure limit to be reached.
Lock the user account ‘bob´.https://www.rootusers.com/23-hardening-tips-to-secure-your-linux-server/#4
Quelle: https://www.rootusers.com/23-hardening-tips-to-secure-your-linux-server/

pam_tcb.so: Migrating from shadow passwords to tcb in Linux
For a more secure Linux password system, a migration from shadow passwords to tcb is worth a little extra work. Vincent Danen tells you what you need to recompile and patch.Wechsel von shadow-Passwörtern nach tcb in Linux.
"Shadow passwords have been a de facto standard with Linux distributions for years, and as well as the use of md5 passwords. However, there are drawbacks to using the traditional shadow password method, and even md5 is not as secure as it used to be. One drawback to the shadow password file is that any application that requires looking up a single shadow password (i.e., your password) also can look at everyone else´s shadow passwords, which means that any compromised tool that can read the shadow file will be able to obtain everyone´s shadow password."

Install pam_tcb (like pam_tcb(pclos) and other pam-module-rpm). If the encryption should be blowfish, install the package bcrypt.

Source and howto: https://www.techrepublic.com/article/migrating-from-shadow-passwords-to-tcb-in-linux/
alternatively: Migrating to tcb, http://www.opennet.ru/man.shtml?topic=tcb_convert&category=8&russian=2

After performing the howto (but still resigning from blowfish and the deletion of the shadow-files), our modified /etc/pam.d/system-auth has got the include:

#%PAM-1.0
auth optional pam-mount.so try_first_pass
auth required pam_env.so
auth sufficient pam_tcb.so
auth required pam_deny.so
auth requisite pam_succeed_if.so uid >= 500 quiet
auth required pam_tally2.so deny=3 onerr=fail unlock_time=1200
account sufficient pam_tcb.so
account required pam_deny.so
account sufficient pam_succeed_if.so uid < 500 quiet
account required pam_tally2.so per_user
password required pam_cracklib.so try_first_pass retry=3 minlen=6 dcredit=1 ucredit=1
password sufficient pam_tcb.so use_authtok tcb write_to=tcb
password required pam_deny.so
session optional pam_mount.so
session optional pam_keyinit.so revoke
session required pam_limits.so
session [success=1 default=ignore] pam_succeed_if.so service in crond quiet use_uid
session required pam_tcb.so

and /etc/pam.d/password-auth:

#%PAM-1.0
# This file is auto-generated.
# User changes will be destroyed the next time authconfig is run.

auth required pam_env.so
auth required pam_tally2.so file=/var/log/tallylog deny=3 even_deny_root unlock_time=1200
auth sufficient pam_tcb.so shadow fork prefix=$2a$ count=8
auth required pam_deny.so
account required pam_tcb.so
password requisite pam_cracklib.so try_first_pass retry=3 type=
password sufficient pam_tcb.so try_first_pass use_authtok sha512 shadow
password required pam_deny.so
session optional pam_keyinit.so revoke
session required pam_limits.so
session [success=1 default=ignore] pam_succeed_if.so service in crond quiet use_uid
session required pam_tcb.so

/etc/nsswitch.conf:
#
# /etc/nsswitch.conf
#
# An example Name Service Switch config file. This file should be
# sorted with the most-used services at the beginning.
#
# The entry ´[NOTFOUND=return]´ means that the search for an
# entry should stop if the search in the previous entry turned
# up nothing. Note that if the search failed due to some other reason
# (like no NIS server responding) then the search continues with the
# next entry.
#
# Legal entries are:
#
# compat Use compatibility setup
# nisplus or nis+ Use NIS+ (NIS version 3)
# nis or yp Use NIS (NIS version 2), also called YP
# dns Use DNS (Domain Name Service)
# files Use the local files
# db Use the local database (.db) files
# [NOTFOUND=return] Stop searching if not found so far
#
# For more information, please read the nsswitch.conf.5 manual page.
#

passwd: files
shadow: files +root +surfuser -ALL
group: files
hosts: files [success=return] dns [success=return]
networks: files
services: files
protocols: files
rpc: files
ethers: files
netmasks: files
netgroup: files
publickey: files
bootparams: files
ipnodes: files
sendmailvars: files
automount: files
aliases: files
More details about /etc/nsswitch.conf: https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E24841_01/html/820-2980/ipconfig-42.html
You should try the originally meant "shadow: tcb nisplus nis" instead and set hosts to "hosts: files ... dns ..." into this recommended order.
and with pam_tcb.so for all pam_unix.so in /etc/pam.d/*
This all makes the computer once more mouseclick-fast and secure.

Disable Root Console Access
The previous step disables remote access for the root account, however it will still be possible for root to log in through any console device. Depending on the security of your console access you may wish to leave root access in place, otherwise it can be removed by clearing the /etc/securetty file as shown below.

echo > /etc/securetty

This file lists all devices that root is allowed to login to, the file must exist otherwise root will be allowed access through any communication device available whether that be console or other.

With no devices listed in this file root access has been disabled. It is important to note that this does not prevent root from logging in remotely with SSH for instance, that must be disabled as outlined in point 3 - Disable remote root access above.

Access to the console itself should also be secured, a physical console can be protected by the information covered in point 13 - Physical security.

https://www.rootusers.com/23-hardening-tips-to-secure-your-linux-server/

Limited amount of processes, source. Arch Linux
On systems with many or untrusted users, it is important to limit the number of processes each can run at once, therefore preventing fork bombs and other denial of service attacks. /etc/security/limits.conf determines how many processes each user, or group can have open, and is empty (except for useful comments) by default. adding the following lines to this file will limit all users to 100 active processes, unless they use the prlimit command to explicitly raise their maximum to 200 for that session. These values can be changed according to the appropriate number of processes a user should have running, or the hardware of the box you are administrating. Do not set the limit too low. System can malfunction.

* soft nproc 300
* hard nporc 320
# user soft nproc 200
# user hard nproc 250
# surfuser soft nproc 60
# surfuser hard nporc 80
toruser soft nproc 80
toruser hard nporc 100

librepository (el6), libsafec-check (fc30, fc29): Finds unsafe APIs This once more makes computer mouseclick-fast!

Virus scanner ClamAV, Admin 03/20 (clamav (el6))
In order to protect Windows-Clients against the malicious internet, there are some solutions. This article introduces the best Linux-programs for it.
The secure storage of large and larger data masses is a challenge for each IT-infrastructure.
ADMIN-Magazin reported, how administrators can configure the Squid-proxy, so that he scans for viruses with ClamAV and Dansguardian. The same functions for Samba-Fileserver. You should not forget, that the scan of webtraffic and incoming E-Mail only does not care for complete security. Therefore it is still essential to run local virus scanner upon Windows-Clients.
It is not the big problem to install ClamAV, because most Linux-distributions do provide already made packages in their repositories.
https://www.admin-magazin.de/Das-Heft/2010/03/ClamAV
Reader opinion by Gooken: For a well-configured Linux, a virus scanner is only needed for Samba and especially E-Mail-clients resp. a virus scanner, even ClamAV, of course, isn´t really needed at all!

Bastille, msec, rkhunter, chkrootkit, clamav (clamscan, klamav), maldetect, checksec, seccheck, xsysinfo, smartd, nessus, tkcvs and cervisia, ...
At this place think of programs like bastille and msec (rosa2016.1, rosa2014.1) to check out lacks in system security, before going on with the manual configuration hook by hook. Such programs with own graphical frontends resp. wizards protocol lacks in security and are able to automatically reconfigure the system even more secure.

Two-Factor-Authentification
Two factor authentication can be implemented for SSH access or other application login, it will improve login security by adding a second factor of authentication, that is the password is typically known as something you know, while the second factor may be a physical security token or mobile device which acts as something you have. The combination of something you know and something you have ensures that you are more likely who you say you are.

There are custom applications available for this such as Duo Securityand Google Authenticator as well as many others. These typically involve installing an application on a smart phone and then entering the generated code alongside your username and password when you authenticate.
Google Authenticator can be used for many other applications than just SSH, such as for WordPress login with third party plugin support.
https://www.rootusers.com/23-hardening-tips-to-secure-your-linux-server/

... can´t believe it, remark by Gooken:

As executed programs (processes), think of text processing and terminal, do already exist in the RAM...

All INTEL-CPU-generations since Celeron
"We can read out everything!", tagesschau.de, 04.01.2017
As a consequence of a newspaper-report scientific researches from the Technical University Graz exposed the newest security-exploit in many computer processors. "We were shocked ourself, that this functions", said Michael Schwarz from TU Graz to "Tagesspiegel".
By this exploit all data could be read out, that are in actual process by the computer. "In Principle we could read out all actually entered by the keyboard." Attackers could also get data from Onlinebanking or stored passwords. "Therefore they must intrude into the computer", Schwarz restricted.

Serious hard lack in security in all Intel-CPUs, PC-WELT, 03.01.2018
A serious hard lack was found in Intel-processors of the last 10 years (excpet the one introduced by us in our data-sheed, rem., Gooken). Its closure costs performance.
https://www.pcwelt.de/a/schwere-luecke-in-allen-intel-cpus-entdeckt,3449263
What to do:
Data sheed: Plattform: ITX-220: is not listed in the table for exploited mainboards by Intel (1) and an exploit remaind undetected as the helping-tool for belonging system-analyzes from Intel indicated (intel-sa00086.zip for Linux) (2). Result: Modul MEI (2) can not be found (this module can be integrated by the command "modprobe mei" manually or within /etc/modules each boot or dracut right up from the system-start).

Is there a workaround/fix?

- There are patches against Meltdown for Linux ( KPTI (formerly KAISER)), Windows, and OS X. There is also work to harden software against future exploitation of Spectre, respectively to patch software after exploitation through Spectre, https://meltdownattack.com/
- iucode-tool (pclos2018)
- CPU: mouseclick-fast and secure: microcode_ctl ( do not get irritated by any other versions, install fast working (microcode_ctl-1.17-33.23.el6_10.x86_64.rpm, fc29: 2.1-34, rosa2016.1) upon el6 ) or ucode-intel ( OpenSuSE, >= 20190618-lp151.2.3.1.x86_64.rpm ), against ZombieLoad too (in order to get activated by console), we recommend the mouseclick-fast microcode_ctl (rosa2016.1), upon microcode_ctl (el6, rpm -i --force). Take the fastest actual microcode_ctl like microcode_ctl-1.17-33.23.el6_10.x86_64.rpm, fc29, rosa2016.1. In order to use microcode_ctl, flash the CPU by executing the command "microcode_ctl -Qu" each boot after entering it in /etc/rc.local or out of /usr/share/autostart. If it is not booted, the CPU will work upon its initial (default) microcode again.


Howto start microcode_ctl, for example add into /etc/rc.local:

echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/microcode/reload
# microcode_ctl -Qu
sh /usr/libexec/microcode_ctl/reload_microcode
or
start microcode_ctl automatically each boot by belonging udev-rule (number 83).

Changelog microcode_ctl
* Fr Dez 15 2017 Petr Oros poros@redhat.com - 1:1.17-25.2
- Update Intel CPU microde for 06-3f-02, 06-4f-01 and 06-55-04
- Add amd microcode_amd_fam17h.bin data file
- Resolves: #1527357
- Intel: Tools for ME-security-exploits, 24.11.2017, https://www.pro-linux.de/news/1/25369/intel-werkzeug-f%C3%BCr-me-sicherheitsl%C3%BCcken-vorgestellt.html
- kernel-5.4.110 with mkinitrd (pclos, rosa, mga2), nash (pclos, rosa, mga2), dracut (mga6: version 044, el6: version 004 (leads into manual LUKS-password request even in the case of existing password-key-file!, mdv2011: version 008)) and the reintegrated KPTI-/KAISER-patch
- "modprobe mei" or start or stop the load of module mei in /etc/modules by entering resp. removing the line "mei" MEI in this matter was mentionded in Intel-security-checks as one part of the main risk.

After the installation of kernel-4.19 (pclos), lookout for the requirements and install missing ones like kmod (pclos): "rpm -qi --requires kernel-4.19....".

- Update Firefox to 57.0.4 resp. 52.5.3-ESR (OpenSuSE) - Security fixes to address the Meltdown and Spectre timing attacks - https://blog.mozilla.org/security/2018/01/03/mitigations-landing-new-class-timing-attack/ - Require new nss 3.34 (fixed rhbz#1531031) - Disabled ARM on all Fedoras due to rhbz#1523912
- Nvidia vs. Spectre: New Nvidia-drivers protect against Spectre-CPU-attacks, https://www.pcwelt.de/a/neue-nvidia-treiber-schuetzen-vor-spectre-cpu-attacken,3449339 NVIDIA graphics drivers (USN-3521-1, https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SecurityTeam/KnowledgeBase/SpectreAndMeltdown?_ga=2.181440484.2145149635.1515760095-1741249263.1499327986)
- Webkitgtk+ (USN-3530-1)
- QEMU (USN-3560-1)
- libvirt (USN-3561-1)
- Cloud Images: Cloud images which address CVE-2017-5753 and CVE-2017-5715 (aka Spectre) and CVE-2017-5754 (aka Meltdown) are available for https://cloud-images.ubuntu.com from for the following releases: ...

Beneath microcode_ctl (rosa2016.1, el6) look out for actual kernel-firmware (el6) and kernel-headers (el6) too. Take those from year2020, making it all mouseclick-fast !

Firewall Linfw3 against Meltdown and Spectre: Set group "nobody" for the group of surfuser (with primary group nobody) and only allow surfuser with one more group of surfuser named surfgroup for example (instead of nobody) to go online. Linfw3 is able to block even root (UID: root, 0, GID: root, 0). So noone is allowed to go online through Linfw3 else surfuser with group surfgroup (instead of his primary group "nobody"), what prevents device drivers from exchaning data - as in this case caused by Meltdown and Spectre To go paranoid, to make it even more confusing for kernel and CPU, set all directories and files owned by surfuser to it´s primary group "nobody".

Test, if the system is secure now, protected well against Meltdown and Spectre, type into terminal the command:

head /sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/*

You can update the kernel, if not.
https://www.pcwelt.de/tipps/CPU-Sicher-vor-Meltdown-Spectre-und-Co-10593390.html

Integrate sensors and chips from mainboard:
Paket lm_sensors (pclos)
sensors-detect
modprobe for found modules: enter them into /etc/modules ( for ITX-220: it87, coretemp, i2c-dev, mei)
Notice: It might be mouseclick-fast and more seucre not to enter them into /etc/modules.
LAN-Chip: eventually activate it through CMOS-BIOS-Setup (default: inactive)

Logging off idle users
Idle users are usually a security problem, a user might be idle maybe because he´s out to lunch or because a remote connection hung and was not re-established. For whatever the reason, idle users might lead to a compromise:

because the user´s console might be unlocked and can be accessed by an intruder.

because an attacker might be able to re-attach to a closed network connection and send commands to the remote shell (this is fairly easy if the remote shell is not encrypted as in the case of telnet).

Some remote systems have even been compromised through an idle (and detached) screen.

Automatic disconnection of idle users is usually a part of the local security policy that must be enforced. There are several ways to do this:

If bash is the user shell, a system administrator can set a default TMOUT value (see bash(1)) which will make the shell automatically log off remote idle users. Note that it must be set with the -o option or users will be able to change (or unset) it.

Install timeoutd and configure /etc/timeouts according to your local security policy. The daemon will watch for idle users and time out their shells accordingly.

Install autolog and configure it to remove idle users.

The timeoutd or autolog daemons are the preferred method since, after all, users can change their default shell or can, after running their default shell, switch to another (uncontrolled) shell.

Linux: TMOUT To Automatically Log Users Out
last updated May 18, 2011 in Categories BASH Shell, Linux

How do I auto Logout my shell user in Linux after certain minutes of inactivity?
Linux bash shell allows you to define the TMOUT environment variable. Set TMOUT to automatically log users out after a period of inactivity. The value is defined in seconds. For example,

export TMOUT=120

The above command will implement a 2 minute idle time-out for the default /bin/bash shell. You can edit your ~/.bash_profile or /etc/profile file as follows to define a 5 minute idle time out:

# set a 5 min timeout policy for bash shell
TMOUT=300
readonly TMOUT
export TMOUT

Save and close the file. The readonly command is used to make variables and functions readonly i.e. you user cannot change the value of variable called TMOUT.
How Do I Disable TMOUT?

To disable auto-logout, just set the TMOUT to zero or unset it as follows:
$ export TMOUT=0

or

$ unset TMOUT

Please note that readonly variable can only be disabled by root in /etc/profile or ~/.bash_profile
https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-tmout-shell-autologout-variable/

Or assign a value for SHELL_TIMEOUT (TMOUT) in /etc/security/msec/level.secure
SHELL_TIMEOUT=300

Restricting access to kernel pointers in the proc filesystem, source: Arch Linux
Note: linux-hardened sets kptr_restrict=2 by default rather than 0.
Enabling kernel.kptr_restrict will hide kernel symbol addresses in /proc/kallsyms from regular users without CAP_SYSLOG, making it more difficult for kernel exploits to resolve addresses/symbols dynamically. This will not help that much on a pre-compiled Arch Linux kernel, since a determined attacker could just download the kernel package and get the symbols manually from there, but if you´re compiling your own kernel, this can help mitigating local root exploits. This will break some perf commands when used by non-root users (but many perf features require root access anyway). See FS#34323 for more information.
/etc/sysctl.d/50-kptr-restrict.conf
kernel.kptr_restrict = 1

Next point fstab-Option hidepid for proc from source Arch Linux should be applied once more at your own risk:
hidepid
"Warning: This may cause issues for certain applications like an application running in a sandbox and Xorg.
. The kernel has the ability to hide other user-processes, normally accessible via /proc, from unprivileged users by mounting the proc filesystem with the hidepid= and gid= options documented here.
This greatly complicates an intruder´s task of gathering information about running processes, whether some daemon runs with elevated privileges, whether other user runs some sensitive program, whether other users run any program at all, makes it impossible to learn whether any user runs a specific program (given the program doesn´t reveal itself by its behaviour), and, as an additional bonus, poorly written programs passing sensitive information via program arguments are now protected against local eavesdroppers.
The proc group, provided by the filesystem package, acts as a whitelist of users authorized to learn other users´ process information. If users or services need access to /proc/<pid> directories beyond their own, add them to the group.
For example, to hide process information from other users except those in the proc group:
/etc/fstab
proc /proc proc nosuid,nodev,noexec,hidepid=2,gid=proc 0 0 "

In the following and therefore just for our paranoid view, only some more security-points, now from debian.org, https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch1.en.html up to https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch12.en.html, might interest like:

Choose a BIOS password
Before you install any operating system on your computer, set up a BIOS password. After installation (once you have enabled bootup from the hard disk) you should go back to the BIOS and change the boot sequence to disable booting from floppy, CD-ROM and other devices that shouldn´t boot. Otherwise a cracker only needs physical access and a boot disk to access your entire system.
Disabling booting unless a password is supplied is even better. This can be very effective if you run a server, because it is not rebooted very often. The downside to this tactic is that rebooting requires human intervention which can cause problems if the machine is not easily accessible.
Note: many BIOSes have well known default master passwords, and applications also exist to retrieve the passwords from the BIOS. Corollary: don´t depend on this measure to secure console access to system.
Set

- Supervisor Password
- User Access Level from Full Access, View Only or Limited to No Access - this prevents user acsess onto the BIOS-Setup-Utility, so that no changes of the settings are possible anymore. Now the BIOS is protected.
- User Password
- Password Check from (only for BIOS-)Setup to Always

Turn Off IPv6
If you´re not using a IPv6 protocol, then you should disable it because most of the applications or policies not required IPv6 protocol and currently it doesn´t required on the server. Go to network configuration file and add followings lines to disable it.

nano /etc/sysconfig/network
NETWORKING_IPV6=no
IPV6INIT=no

https://www.tecmint.com/linux-server-hardening-security-tips/

Boot-process: If the message "Can not stat ( a named ) initscript" occurs during system boot, delete this initscript through all six runlevel and in directory init.d by
rm -df /etc/rc0.d/initscript-name
rm -df /etc/rc1.d/initscript-name
...
rm -df /etc/rc6.d/initscript-name
rm -df /etc/init.d/initscript-name

Activate resp. deactivate kernel-moduls
Get a listing of the kernel-modules by the terminal command lsmod.
In order to make the computer mouseclick-fast, all kernel modules without essential use have to be removed from /etc/rc.modules, while this file enpossibles to integrate modules by the command &quto;modprobe Modulname" added to the last line.
. Following our example-hardware from datasheed, the control-modules it87 und i2c-dev can be disabled and the service envoking them named lm_sensors deactivated.

###################################################################################################################################################################################
# xorg.conf with automized hardware-detection
# WARNING: Choose view settings only, if the x-server does not start!
# Then consult /var/log/Xog.0.log and look out for errors- (EE)- and warnings (WW)!
###################################################################################################################################################################################
#
# Einzelheiten: "man xorg.conf"
# File generated by XFdrake (rev )

# **********************************************************************
# Refer to the xorg.conf man page for details about the format of
# this file.
# ******
# ****************************************************************
Section "ServerLayout"
Identifier "XFree86 Configured"
Screen 0 "Screen0" 0 0
# InputDevice "Keyboard0" "CoreKeyboard" # commented in: hotplug
# InputDevice "Mymouse1" "CorePointer"# commented in: hotplug
Option "AIGLX" "true"
EndSection

Section "ServerFlags"
Option "DontVTSwitch" "true"
Option "DontZap" "true" # disable <Ctrl><Alt><BS> (server abort)
Option "AllowMouseOpenFail" "true" # allows the server to start up even if the mouse does not work
DontZoom # disable <Ctrl><Alt><KP_+>/<KP_-> (resolution switching)
Option "DPMS" "true"
Option "Xinerama" "true"
# Option "DRI2" "true"
Option "UseDefaultFontPath" "true"
# Option "Pixmap" "32"
Option "IgnoreABI" "true"
Option "AutoAddDevices" "true"
Option "AutoEnableDevices" "true"
EndSection

Section "Files"
ModulePath "/usr/lib64/xorg/modules/extensions,/usr/lib64/xorg/modules"
FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/X11/misc:unscaled"
# FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/X11/cyrillic"
FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi/:unscaled"
FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi/:unscaled"
FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/X11/Type1"
FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/X11/100dpi"
FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/X11/75dpi"
FontPath "/usr/share/fonts/truetype"
FontPath "built-ins"
EndSection

Section "Module"
Load "dbe" # Double-Buffering Extension
Load "v4l" # Video for Linux
Load "type1"
Load "freetype"
Load "glx" # 3D layer
Load "dri" # direct rendering
# Load "record"
Load "extmod"
# Load "speedo" # Speedo fonts, this module doesn´t exist in Xorg 7.0.17
# The following are deprecated/unstable/unneeded in Xorg 7.0
# Load "ddc" # ddc probing of monitor, this should be never present, as it gets automatically loaded.
# Load "GLcore" # This should be never present, as it gets automatically loaded.
# Load "bitmap" # Should be never present, as it gets automatically loaded. This is a font module, and loading it in xorg.conf makes X try to load it twice.
SubSection "extmod"
Option "omit xfree86-dga"
EndSubSection
EndSection

Section "Extensions"
# compiz needs Composite, but it can cause bad (end even softreset-resistant)
# effects in some graphics cards, especially nv.
Option "Composite" "Enable"
EndSection

Section "Monitor"
Identifier "Monitor0"
ModelName "Generic Monitor"
# HorizSync 47.7
# VertRefresh 59.8
Option "PreferredMode" "1366×768"
# DisplaySize 361 203
# Vesa values! You can comment in all following Modeline for Monitor AOC e943FwS preferred modeline (59.8 Hz vsync, 47.7 kHz hsync, ratio 16/9, 84 dpi)
# ModeLine "1366×768" 85.5 1366 1436 1579 1792 768 771 774 798 +hsync +vsync
# ModeLine "1368x768_120" 185.67 1368 1472 1624 1880 768 769 772 823 -hSync +vsync
# ModeLine "1368x768_100" 151.73 1368 1464 1616 1864 768 769 772 814 -hSync +vsync
# ModeLine "1368x768_85" 125.67 1368 1456 1600 1832 768 769 772 807 -hSync +vsync
# ModeLine "1368x768_75" 110.19 1368 1456 1600 1832 768 769 772 802 -hSync +vsync
# ModeLine "1368x768_60" 85.86 1368 1440 1584 1800 768 769 772 795 -hSync +vsync
ModeLine "1368x768" 85.86 1368 1440 1584 1800 768 769 772 795 -hSync +vsync
# ModeLine "1368x768_50" 69.92 1368 1424 1568 1768 768 769 772 791 -hSync +vsync
# Option "MonitorLayout" "LVDS,AUTO"
EndSection

Section "Device"
Identifier "Card0"
# Driver (chipset) autodetect
VendorName "All"
BoardName "All"
# BusID "PCI:1:0:0"
# VendorName "Intel Corporation"
# BoardName "Intel 810 and later"
# Driver "intel" # one of fbdev (framebuffer device), vesa (Standard), vga, vga16, uncommon, void, dummy, ati, catalyst, nv, nvidia, nouveau, amdgpu, rendition, radeon, radeonhd, fglrx, tdfx, trident, virge, s3virge, siliconmotion, aiptek, apm, ast, fpit, glint, mutouch, qxl, r128, synaptics, v4l, wacom, xgi, ark, virtualbox, vmware, vmmouse, matrox, cirrus, aty, i810, i128, i740, ark, kyropfb, matrox, i2c-matrox, hga, riva, sst, neo, s3, openchrome (incl. unichrome), savage, sis, tseng, ...
Screen 0
# BusID "PCI:0:2:0"
Option "DPMS"
Option "AccelMethod" "EXA"
Option "AddARGBGLXVisuals" "true"
Option "fbdev" "true"
Option "DRI" "true"
### Available Driver options
# sw_cursor is needed for some ati and radeon cards
# Option "sw_cursor"
# Option "hw_cursor"
# Option "NoAccel"
# Option "ShowCache"
# Option "ShadowFB"
# Option "UseFBDev"
# Option "Rotate"
# Option "VideoKey"
# Option "Linear Framebuffer <bool>
# Option "SwapbuffersWait" <bool>
# Option "XvPreferOverlay" <bool>
# Option "Backlight" <str>
# Option "ColorKey" <i>
# Option "HotPlug" "true"
Option "XvMC" "true"
# Option "RelaxedFencing" <bool>
# Option "RelaxedFencing" # [<bool>]
# Option "Throttle" # [<bool>]
# Option "ZaphodHeads" # <str>
# Option "DelayedFlush" # [<bool>]
# Option "TearFree" # [<bool>]
# Option "PerCrtcPixmaps" # [<bool>]
# Option "FallbackDebug" # [<bool>]
# Option "DebugFlushBatches" # [<bool>]
# Option "DebugFlushCaches" # [<bool>]
# Option "DebugWait" # [<bool>]
# Option "BufferCache" # [<bool>]
# Option "TripleBuffer" # [<bool>]
# Option "DisableGLXRootClipping" "true"
# Option "EnablePageFlip" "true"
# Option "ColorTiling2D" "true"
Option "TripleBuffer" "true"
# Option "MigrationHeuristic" "greedy"
# Option "ColorTiling" "true"
Option "TearFree" "true"
Option "ZaphodHeads" "VGA1"
# Tweaks for the xorg 7.4 (otherwise broken) "intel" driver
Option "Tiling" "no"
# Option "Legacy3D" "false"
# compiz, beryl 3D-Support with DRI &Composite
# Option "XAANoOffscreenPixmaps"
# Option "AllowGLXWithComposite" "true"
# These two lines are (presumably) needed to prevent fonts from being scrambled
# Option "XaaNoScanlineImageWriteRect" "true"
# Option "XaaNoScanlineCPUToScreenColorExpandFill" "true"
EndSection

Section "Screen"
Identifier "Screen0"
Device "Card0"
Monitor "Monitor0"
DefaultColorDepth 24
Option "AddARGBGLXVisuals" "true"
Option "DisableGLXRootClipping" "true"

SubSection "Display"
Depth 24
Modes "1366×768"
EndSubSection
SubSection "Display"
Depth 32
Modes "1366×768"
EndSubSection
SubSection "Display"
Depth 16
Modes "1366×768"
EndSubSection
SubSection "Display"
Depth 15
Modes "1366×768"
EndSubSection
EndSection

Section "DRI"
Mode 0666
EndSection

Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Mymouse1"
Driver "mouse"

# Option "Device" "/dev/ttyS0"
Option "Protocol" "ImPS/2"
# Option "Device" "/dev/psaux"
# Option "Device" "/dev/ttyS0"
Option "Device" "/dev/input/mice"
Option "Emulate3Buttons" "true"
Option "CorePointer"
# Option "Protocol" "Auto"
# Option "Protocol" "ExplorerPS/2"
# Option "Protocol" "auto"
Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5"
# Option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5 6 7"
EndSection

Section "InputDevice"
# generated from default
Identifier "Keyboard0"
Driver "kbd"
Option "XkbModel" "pc105"
Option "XkbLayout" "de"
Option "CoreKeyboard"
Option "XkbRules" "xorg"
Option "AccelerationProfile" "0"
EndSection

Do not plug to the Internet until ready
The system should not be immediately connected to the Internet during installation. This could sound stupid but network installation is a common method. Since the system will install and activate services immediately, if the system is connected to the Internet and the services are not properly configured you are opening it to attack.

Run the minimum number of services required
Services are programs such as ftp servers and web servers. Since they have to be listening for incoming connections that request the service, external computers can connect to yours. Services are sometimes vulnerable (i.e. can be compromised under a given attack) and hence present a security risk. Unwanted servces might be: telnet, ftp, smbd and nmbd (Samba), portmap (NFS), automount (NFS, network file system), rexec, named (DNS), lpd (printer), inetd, ...
https://www.tecmint.com/remove-unwanted-services-from-linux/

Set a LILO or GRUB password
What matters for updates, should almost be not the version of the rpm but the new release of one and the same version (backport-concept).

umask (see man umask): recommended values:
/etc/fstab: option umask 077 at least for the root- and home-Partition
~/.bashrc: umask 077 # for all user
~/.bashrc-profile: umask 077 # for all user
/etc/profile: umask 022 # to keep most of all accessible for a user

Disable root prompt on the initramfs
Note: This applies to the default kernels provided for releases after Debian 3.1
Linux 2.6 kernels provide a way to access a root shell while booting which will be presented during loading the initramfs on error. This is helpful to permit the administrator to enter a rescue shell with root permissions. This shell can be used to manually load modules when autodetection fails. This behavior is the default for initramfs-tools generated initramfs. The following message will appear:

"ALERT! /dev/sda1 does not exist. Dropping to a shell!"

In order to remove this behavior you need to set the following boot argument:panic=0. Add this to the variable GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX in /etc/default/grub and issue update-grub or to the append section of /etc/lilo.conf.

Remove root prompt on the kernel
Note: This does not apply to the kernels provided for Debian 3.1 as the timeout for the kernel delay has been changed to 0.
Linux 2.4 kernels provide a way to access a root shell while booting which will be presented just after loading the cramfs file system. A message will appear to permit the administrator to enter an executable shell with root permissions, this shell can be used to manually load modules wheX11-Servern autodetection fails. This behavior is the default for initrd´s linuxrc. The following message will appear:

Press ENTER to obtain a shell (waits 5 seconds)

In order to remove this behavior you need to change /etc/mkinitrd/mkinitrd.conf and set:

# DELAY The number of seconds the linuxrc script should wait to # allow the user to interrupt it before the system is brought up DELAY=0

Then regenerate your ramdisk image. You can do this for example with:

# cd /boot # mkinitrd -o initrd.img-2.4.18-k7 /lib/modules/2.4.18-k7

or (preferred):

# dpkg-reconfigure -plow kernel-image-2.4.x-yz

Restricting console login access
Some security policies might force administrators to log in to the system through the console with their user/password and then become superuser (with su or sudo). This policy is implemented in Debian by editing the /etc/pam.d/login and the /etc/securetty when using PAM (make a backup, before doing this!):

/etc/pam.d/login enables the pam_securetty.so module. This module, when properly configured will not ask for a password when the root user tries to login on an insecure console, rejecting access as this user.
securetty by adding/removing the terminals to which root access will be allowed. If you wish to allow only local console access then you need console, ttyX and vc/X (if using devfs devices), you might want to add also ttySX, if you are using a serial console for local access (where X is an integer, you might want to have multiple instances. The default configuration for Wheezy includes many tty devices, serial ports, vc consoles as well as the X server and the console device. You can safely adjust this if you are not using that many consoles. You can confirm the virtual consoles and the tty devices you have by reviewing /etc/inittab . For more information on terminal devices read the Text-Terminal-HOWTO.

When using PAM, other changes to the login process, which might include restrictions to users and groups at given times, can be configured in /etc/pam.d/login. An interesting feature, that can be disabled, is the possibility to login with null (blank) passwords. This feature can be limited by removing nullok from the line:

auth required pam_unix.so nullok

Our /etc/pam.d/login:

%PAM-1.0
auth required pam-securetty.so
auth required pam_tally2.so deny=3 even_deny_root unlock_time=2400
auth include system-auth
account required pam_nologin.so
account include system-auth
password include system-auth
# pam_selinux.so close should be the first session rule
session required pam_selinux.so close
session required pam_loginuid.so
session optional pam_console.so
# pam_selinux.so open should only be followed by sessions to be executed in the user context
session required pam_selinux.so open
session required pam_namespace.so
session optional pam_keyinit.so force revoke
session include system-auth
-session optional pam_ck_connector.so

securetty
is the file, where to add or delete terminals for the login of root. If a local access by console should be allowed only, then add console, ttyX and vc/X ( if devfs-interface is used, where X is an integer ).
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch4.de.html

The primary entry types and their affects are as follows:
If /etc/securetty doesn´t exist, root is allowed to login from any tty
If /etc/securetty exist and is empty, root access will be restricted to single user mode or programs, that are not restricted by pam_securetty (i.e. su, sudo, ssh, scp, sftp)
if you are using devfs (a deprecated filesystem for handling /dev), adding entries of the form vc/[0-9]* will permit root login from the given virtual console number
if you are using udev (for dynamic device management and replacement for devfs), adding entries of the form tty[0-9]* will permit root login from the given virtual console number
listing console in securetty, normally has no effect since /dev/console points to the current console and is normally only used as the tty filename in single user mode, which is unaffected by /etc/securetty
adding entries like pts/[0-9]* will allow programs that use pseudo-terminals (pty) and pam_securetty to login into root assuming the allocated pty is one of the ones listed; it´s normally a good idea not to include these entries because it´s a security risk; it would allow, for instance, someone to login into root via telenet, which sends passwords in plaintext (note that pts/[0-9]* is the format for udev which is used in RHEL 5.5; it will be different if using devfs or some other form of device management)
For single user mode, /etc/securetty is not consulted because the sulogin is used instead of login. See the sulogin man page for more info. Also you can change the login program used in /etc/inittab for each runlevel.
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/41840/effect-of-entries-in-etc-securetty

Restricting system reboots through the console
If your system has a keyboard attached to it anyone (yes anyone) with physical access to the system can reboot the system through it without login in just pressing the Ctrl+Alt+Delete keyboard combination, also known as the three finger salute. This might, or might not, adhere to your security policy.
This is aggravated in environments in which the operating system is running virtualised. In these environments, the possibility extends to users that have access to the virtual console (which might be accessed over the network). Also note that, in these environments, this keyboard combination is used constantly (to open a login shell in some GUI operating systems) and an administrator might virtually send it and force a system reboot.

There are two ways to restrict this:
configure it so that only allowed users can reboot the system, disable this feature completely.

If you want to restrict this, you must check the /etc/inittab so that the line that includes ctrlaltdel calls shutdown with the -a switch.
The default in Debian includes this switch:

ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now

The -a switch, as the shutdown(8) manpage describes,makes it possible to allow some users to shutdown the system. For this the file /etc/shutdown.allow must be created and the administrator has to include there the name of users which can boot the system. When the three finger salute combination is pressed in a console the program will check if any of the users listed in the file are logged in. If none of them is, shutdown will not reboot the system.
If you want to disable the Ctrl+Alt+Del combination you just need to comment the line with the ctrlaltdel definition in the /etc/inittab.
Remember to run init q after making any changes to the /etc/inittab file for the changes to take effect.

Restricting the use of the Magic SysRq key
The Magic SysRq key is a key combination that allows users connected to the system console of a Linux kernel to perform some low-level commands. These low-level commands are sent by pressing simultaneously Alt+SysRq and a command key. The SysRq key in many keyboards is labeled as the Print Screen key.
Since the Etch release, the Magic SysRq key feature is enabled in the Linux kernel to allow console users certain privileges. You can confirm this by checking if the /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq exists and reviewing its value:

$ cat /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
438

The default value shown above allows all of the SysRq functions except for the possibility of sending signals to processes. For example, it allow users connected to the console to remount all systems read-only, reboot the system or cause a kernel panic. In all the features are enabled, or in older kernels (earlier than 2.6.12) the value will be just 1.
You should disable this functionality ifaccess to the console is not restricted to authorised users: the console is connected to a modem line, there is easy physical access to the system or it is running in a virtualised environment and other users access the console. To do this edit the /etc/sysctl.conf and add the following lines:

# Disables the magic SysRq key
kernel.sysrq = 0

User authentication: PAM
PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) allows system administrators to choose how applications authenticate users. Note that PAM can do nothing unless an application is compiled with support for PAM. Most of the applications that are shipped with Debian have this support built in (Debian did not have PAM support before 2.2). The current default configuration for any PAM-enabled service is to emulate UNIX authentication (read /usr/share/doc/libpam0g/Debian-PAM-MiniPolicy.gz for more information on how PAM services should work in Debian).
Each application with PAM support provides a configuration file in /etc/pam.d/ which can be used to modify its behavior:

what backend is used for authentication.

what backend is used for sessions.

how do password checks behave.

The following description is far from complete, for more information you might want to read the Linux-PAM Guides as a reference. This documentation is available in the system if you install the libpam-doc at /usr/share/doc/libpam-doc/html/.
PAM offers you the possibility to go through several authentication steps at once, without the user´s knowledge. You could authenticate against a Berkeley database and against the normal passwd file, and the user only logs in if the authentication succeeds in both. You can restrict a lot with PAM, just as you can open your system doors very wide. So be careful. A typical configuration line has a control field as its second element. Generally it should be set to requisite, which returns a login failure if one module fails.
More about PAM: https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch4.en.html, chapter 4.11

User login actions: edit /etc/login.defs (make a backup, before doing this!)
The next step is to edit the basic configuration and action upon user login. Note that this file is not part of the PAM configuration, it´s a configuration file honored by login and su programs, so it doesn´t make sense tuning it for cases where neither of the two programs are at least indirectly called (the getty program which sits on the consoles and offers the initial login prompt does invoke login).

FAILLOG_ENAB yes

If you enable this variable, failed logins will be logged. It is important to keep track of them to catch someone who tries a brute force attack.

LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB no

If you set this variable to ´yes´ it will record unknown usernames if the login failed. It is best if you use ´no´ (the default) since, otherwise, user passwords might be inadvertenly logged here (if a user mistypes and they enter their password as the username). If you set it to ´yes´, make sure the logs have the proper permissions (640 for example, with an appropriate group setting such as adm).

SYSLOG_SU_ENAB yes

This one enables logging of su attempts to syslog. Quite important on serious machines but note that this can create privacy issues as well.

SYSLOG_SG_ENAB yes

The same as SYSLOG_SU_ENAB but applies to the sg program.

ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512

As stated above, encrypted passwords greatly reduce the problem of dictionary attacks, since you can use longer passwords. This definition has to be consistent with the value defined in /etc/pam.d/common-password.

User login actions: edit /etc/pam.d/login (make a backup, before doing this!)
You can adjust the login configuration file to implement an stricter policy. For example, you can change the default configuration and increase the delay time between login prompts. The default configuration sets a 3 seconds delay:

auth optional pam_faildelay.so delay=3000000

Increasing the delay value to a higher value to make it harder to use the terminal to log in using brute force. If a wrong password is typed in, the possible attacker (or normal user!) has to wait longer seconds to get a new login prompt, which is quite time consuming when you test passwords. For example, if you set delay=10000000, users will have to wait 10 seconds if they type a wrong password.

In this file you can also set the system to present a message to users before a user logs in. The default is disabled, as shown below:

# auth required pam_issue.so issue=/etc/issue

If required by your security policy, this file can be used to show a standard message indicating that access to the system is restricted and user acess is logged. This kind of disclaimer might be required in some environments and jurisdictions. To enable it, just include the relevant information in the /etc/issue [24] file and uncomment the line enabling the pam_issue.so module in /etc/pam.d/login. In this file you can also enable additional features which might be relevant to apply local security policies such as:

setting rules for which users can access at which times, by enabling the pam_time.so module and configuring /etc/security/time.conf accordingly (disabled by default),

setup login sessions to use user limits as defined in /etc/security/limits.conf (enabled by default),

present the user with the information of previous login information (enabled by default),

print a message (/etc/motd and /run/motd.dynamic) to users after login in (enabled by default),

Restricting ftp: editing /etc/ftpusers (make a backup, before doing this!)
The /etc/ftpusers file contains a list of users who are not allowed to log into the host using ftp. Only use this file if you really want to allow ftp (which is not recommended in general, because it uses clear-text passwords). If your daemon supports PAM, you can also use that to allow and deny users for certain services.
A convenient way to add all system accounts to the /etc/ftpusers is to run

$ awk -F : ´{if ($3<1000) print $1}´ /etc/passwd > /etc/ftpusers

Disallow remote administrative access
You should also modify /etc/security/access.conf to disallow remote logins to administrative accounts. This way users need to invoke su (or sudo) to use any administrative powers and the appropriate audit trace will always be generated.
You need to add the following line to /etc/security/access.conf, the default Debian configuration file has a sample line commented out (making your system mouseclick-fast; do not forget to make a backup of this file, before doing this!).
As already described commented in in /etc/security/access.conf, for root and system user and user:
:

# User "root" should be denied to get access from all other sources.
- : root : ALL
- : user : ALL
- : surfuser : 127.0.0.0/24
- : toruser : 127.0.0.0/24
- : uuidd : ALL
- . messagebus: ALL
- : wheel:ALL EXCEPT LOCAL
- : ftp : ALL
- : mail : ALL
- : pop3ad : ALL
- : bin : ALL
- : daemon : ALL
- : adm : ALL
- : sync : ALL
- : halt : ALL
- : news : ALL
# All other users should be denied to get access from all sources.
: ALL : ALL

Look out for other important options in this file too. Remember to enable the pam_access module for every service (or default configuration) in /etc/pam.d/ if you want your changes to /etc/security/access.conf honored.

Configuring syncookies
This option is a double-edged sword. On the one hand it protects your system against syn packet flooding; on the other hand it violates defined standards (RFCs).

net/ipv4/tcp_syncookies = 1

If you want to change this option each time the kernel is working you need to change it in /etc/network/options by setting syncookies=yes. This will take effect when ever /etc/init.d/networking is run (which is typically done at boot time) while the following will have a one-time effect until the reboot:

echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_syncookies # e.g. within /etc/rc.local

This option will only be available if the kernel is compiled with the CONFIG_SYNCOOKIES. All Debian kernels are compiled with this option builtin but you can verify it running:

$ sysctl -A |grep syncookies
net/ipv4/tcp_syncookies = 1

For more information on TCP syncookies read http://cr.yp.to/syncookies.html.

Disabling weak-end hosts issues
Systems with more than one interface on different networks can have services configured so that they will bind only to a given IP address. This usually prevents access to services when requested through any other address. However, this does not mean (although it is a common misconception) that the service is bound to a given hardware address (interface card).
This is not an ARP issue and it´s not an RFC violation (it´s called weak end host in RFC1122, section 3.3.4.2). Remember, IP addresses have nothing to do with physical interfaces.
On 2.2 (and previous) kernels this can be fixed with:

# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/hidden
# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/eth0/hidden
# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/eth1/hidden

..... On later kernels this can be fixed either with:

iptables rules.

properly configured routing.

kernel patching.

Along this text there will be many occasions in which it is shown how to configure some services (sshd server, apache, printer service...) in order to have them listening on any given address, the reader should take into account that, without the fixes given here, the fix would not prevent accesses from within the same (local) network.
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch4.en.html

Using tcpwrappers
TCP wrappers were developed when there were no real packet filters available and access control was needed. Nevertheless, they´re still very interesting and useful. The TCP wrappers allow you to allow or deny a service for a host or a domain and define a default allow or deny rule (all performed on the application level). If you want more information take a look at hosts_access(5).
Many services installed in Debian are either:

launched through the tcpwrapper service (tcpd)

compiled with libwrapper support built-in.

On the one hand, for services configured in /etc/inetd.conf (this includes telnet, ftp, netbios, swat and finger) you will see that the configuration file executes /usr/sbin/tcpd first. On the other hand, even if a service is not launched by the inetd superdaemon, support for the tcp wrappers rules can be compiled into it. Services compiled with tcp wrappers in Debian include ssh, portmap, in.talk, rpc.statd, rpc.mountd, gdm, oaf (the GNOME activator daemon), nessus and many others.

To see which packages use tcpwrappers [31] try:

$ apt-cache rdepends libwrap0

Take this into account when running tcpdchk (a very useful TCP wrappers config file rule and syntax checker). When you add stand-alone services (that are directly linked with the wrapper library) into the hosts.deny and hosts.allow files, tcpdchk will warn you that it is not able to find the mentioned services since it only looks for them in /etc/inetd.conf (the manpage is not totally accurate here).

Now, here comes a small trick, and probably the smallest intrusion detection system available. In general, you should have a decent firewall policy as a first line, and tcp wrappers as the second line of defense. One little trick is to set up a SPAWN command in /etc/hosts.deny that sends mail to root whenever a denied service triggers wrappers:

ALL: ALL: SPAWN (
echo -e "n
TCP Wrappers: Connection refusedn
By: $(uname -n)n
Process: %d (pid %p)n
User: %un
Host: %cn
Date: $(date)n
" | /usr/bin/mail -s "Connection to %d blocked" root) &

Beware: The above printed example is open to a DoS attack by making many connections in a short period of time. Many emails mean a lot of file I/O by sending only a few packets.
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch4.en.html

Protecting against ARP attacks
When you don´t trust the other boxes on your LAN (which should always be the case, because it´s the safest attitude) you should protect yourself from the various existing ARP attacks.
As you know the ARP protocol is used to link IP addresses to MAC addresses (see RFC826 for all the details). Every time you send a packet to an IP address an ARP resolution is done (first by looking into the local ARP cache then if the IP isn´t present in the cache by broadcasting an ARP query) to find the target´s hardware address. All the ARP attacks aim to fool your box into thinking that box B´s IP address is associated to the intruder´s box´s MAC address; Then every packet that you want to send to the IP associated to box B will be send to the intruder´s box...
Those attacks (ARP cache poisoning, ARP spoofing...) allow the attacker to sniff the traffic even on switched networks, to easily hijack connections, to disconnect any host from the network... ARP attacks are powerful and simple to implement, and several tools exists, such as arpspoof from the dsniff package or arpoison.
However, there is always a solution:
Use a static ARP cache. You can set up "static" entries in your ARP cache with:

arp -s host_name hdwr_addr

By setting static entries for each important host in your network you ensure that nobody will create/modify a (fake) entry for these hosts (static entries don´t expire and can´t be modified) and spoofed ARP replies will be ignored. Detect suspicious ARP traffic. You can use arpwatch, karpski or more general IDS that can also detect suspicious ARP traffic (snort, prelude...).
Implement IP traffic filtering validating the MAC address.
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch4.de.html

Securing FTP
If you really have to use FTP (without wrapping it with sslwrap or inside a SSL or SSH tunnel), you should chroot ftp into the ftp users´ home directory, so that the user is unable to see anything else than their own directory. Otherwise they could traverse your root file system just like if they had a shell in it. You can add the following line in your proftpd.conf in your global section to enable this chroot feature:

DefaultRoot ~

Restart ProFTPd by /etc/init.d/proftpd restart and check whether you can escape from your homedir now.
To prevent ProFTPd DoS attacks using ../../.., add the following line in /etc/proftpd.conf: DenyFilter *.*/
Always remember that FTP sends login and authentication passwords in clear text (this is not an issue if you are providing an anonymous public service) and there are better alternatives in Debian for this. For example, sftp (provided by ssh). There are also free implementations of SSH for other operating systems: putty and cygwin for example.
However, if you still maintain the FTP server while making users access through SSH you might encounter a typical problem. Users accessing anonymous FTP servers inside SSH-secured systems might try to log in the FTP server. While the access will be refused, the password will nevertheless be sent through the net in clear form. To avoid that, ProFTPd developer TJ Saunders has created a patch that prevents users feeding the anonymous FTP server with valid SSH accounts. More information and patch available at: ProFTPD Patches. This patch has been reported to Debian too, see Bug #145669.
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch-sec-services.en.html

Boot-break kernel or haldaemon (hal, hald)?
The kernel (in our case 5.4.110 resp. 4.20.13) or haldaemon resp. hal from Mandriva-derivates as much as CentOS 6 is an enormous system-boot- and -shutdown-break "making more or less a pause" of around 30 up to 45 seconds during the system boot resp. -shutdown.
Configuration of hal:

/etc/hal.conf
<!-- This configuration file controls the Hardware Abstraction Layer
daemon - it is meant that OS vendors customize this file to reflect
their desired policy.
-->

<haldconfig>

<!-- If true, then the device list is saved to disk such that
properties are kept between invocations of hald.
-->
<persistent_device_list>false</persistent_device_list>

<!-- Default value for storage.media_check_enabled for devices of
capability storage - this can be overridden by .fdi files.

Setting this to false results a whitelist policy, e.g. media
check is only enabled for storage devices with a .fdi file
saying so.

Conversely, setting it to true results in a blacklist policy
where media check is enabled by default but may be overridden
by a .fdi for devices causing trouble.
-->
<storage_media_check_enabled>true</storage_media_check_enabled>

<!-- Default value for storage.automount_enabled_hint for devices of
capability storage - this can be overridden by .fdi files.

Setting this to false results a whitelist policy, e.g. policy
agents should only automount storage devices with a .fdi file
saying so.

Conversely, setting it to true results in a blacklist policy
where policy agents should always automount unless this is
explicitly overridden by .fdi for devices causing trouble.
-->
<storage_automount_enabled_hint>true</storage_automount_enabled_hint>
https://www.thegeekdiary.com/linux-os-service-haldaemon/

Deprecated
As of 2011, Linux distributions such as Ubuntu,[5] Debian,[6] and Fedora and on FreeBSD,[7] and projects such as KDE,[8] GNOME and X.org are in the process of deprecating HAL as it has "become a large monolithic unmaintainable mess".[5] The process is largely complete, but some use of HAL remains - Debian squeeze (Feb 2011) and Ubuntu version 10.04 remove HAL from the basic system and boot process.[9] In Linux, it is in the process of being merged into udev (main udev, libudev, and udev-extras) and existing udev and kernel functionality. The replacement for non-Linux systems such as FreeBSD is devd.
Initially a new daemon DeviceKit was planned to replace certain aspects of HAL, but in March 2009, DeviceKit was deprecated in favor of adding the same code to udev as a package: udev-extras, and some functions have now moved to udev proper.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_(software)

Disabling useless daemons in RHEL/Centos/Oracle 6 servers
HAL provides valuable attack surfaces to attackers as an intermediary to privileged operations and should be disabled unless necessary: # chkconfig haldaemon off.
The hald - Hardware Access Layer Daemon - runs several processes in order to keep track of what hardware is installed on your system. This includes polling USB Drives and ´hot-swap´ devices to check for changes along with a host of other tasks.
You might see it running on your system as follows:
2474 ? S 0:00 \_ hald-runner
2481 ? S 0:00 \_ hald-addon-acpi: listening on acpid socket /var/run/acpid.socket
2487 ? S 0:00 \_ hald-addon-keyboard: listening on /dev/input/event0
2495 ? S 41:47 \_ hald-addon-storage: polling /dev/hdc

If your system is static and the devices do not change, you can actually disable this service using a policy entry.
Create a file in your policy directory, for example /etc/hal/fdi/policy/99-custom.fdi. Add the text:

hald-addon-storage

Save and reload the hald using /etc/init.d/haldaemon restart.
And you will find that service no longer is polling your hardware.
Of course to turn it back on, remove that policy entry and restart the haldaemon again, it will be back in service.
Solution Credit: Linuxforums User cn77
www.softpanorama.org/Commercial_linuxes/RHEL/Daemons/removing_daemons_in_rhel6.shtml

udev-Regel für PS/2-mouse (optical mouse from Logitech®)


... results from &quto;udevadm info -a -p /devices/platform/i8042/serio1/input/input12"

/etc/udev/rules.d/10-ps2mouse.rules
KERNEL=="input12" SUBSYSTEM=="input" DRIVER=="" ATTR{uniq}=="" ATTR{properties}=="1" ATTR{phys}=="isa0060/serio1/input0" ATTR{name}=="ImExPS/2 Logitech Wheel Mouse" ATTR{modalias}=="input:b0011v0002p0006e0063-e0,1,2,k110,111,112,113,114,r0,1,6,8,amlsfw"
KERNELS=="serio1" SUBSYSTEMS=="serio" DRIVERS=="psmouse" ATTRS{resetafter}=="5" ATTRS{resolution}=="200" ATTRS{description}=="i8042 AUX port" ATTRS{firmware_id}=="PNP: PNP0f03 PNP0f13" ATTRS{protocol}=="ImExPS/2" ATTRS{rate}=="100" ATTRS{bind_mode}=="auto" ATTRS{resync_time}=="0" ATTRS{modalias}=="serio:ty01pr00id00ex00"

Secure up RPC-services
Deactivate RPC abschalten (or deinstall it), if not needed.
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch-sec-services.de.html

haveged
The haveged project is an attempt to provide an easy-to-use, unpredictable random number generator based upon an adaptation of the HAVEGE algorithm. Haveged was created to remedy low-entropy conditions in the Linux random device that can occur under some workloads, especially on headless servers.

tcp_wrapper for server

With this package you can monitor and filter incoming requests for the SYSTAT, FINGER, FTP, TELNET, RLOGIN, RSH, EXEC, TFTP, TALK, and other network services.
It supports both 4.3BSD-style sockets and System V.4-style TLI. Praise yourself lucky if you don´t know what that means.
The package provides tiny daemon wrapper programs that can be installed without any changes to existing software or to existing configuration files. The wrappers report the name of the client host and of the requested service; the wrappers do not exchange information with the client or server applications, and impose no overhead on the actual conversation between the client and server applications.
Optional features are: access control to restrict what systems can connect to what network daemons; client user name lookups with the RFC 931 etc. protocol; additional protection against hosts that pretend to have someone elses host name; additional protection against hosts that pretend to have someone elses host address.

Securing Squid
Squid is one of the most popular proxy/cache server, and there are some security issues that should be taken into account. Squid´s default configuration file denies all users requests. However the Debian package allows access from ´localhost´, you just need to configure your browser properly. You should configure Squid to allow access to trusted users, hosts or networks defining an Access Control List on /etc/squid/squid.conf, see the Squid User´s Guide for more information about defining ACLs rules. Notice that Debian provides a minimum configuration for Squid that will prevent anything, except from localhost to connect to your proxy server (which will run in the default port 3128). You will need to customize your /etc/squid/squid.conf as needed. The recommended minimum configuration (provided with the package) is shown below:

acl all src 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0
acl manager proto cache_object
acl localhost src 127.0.0.1/255.255.255.255
acl SSL_ports port 443 563
acl Safe_ports port 80 # http
acl Safe_ports port 21 # ftp
acl Safe_ports port 443 563 # https, snews
acl Safe_ports port 70 # gopher
acl Safe_ports port 210 # wais
acl Safe_ports port 1025-65535 # unregistered ports
acl Safe_ports port 280 # http-mgmt
X11-Server acl Safe_ports port 488 # gss-http
acl Safe_ports port 591 # filemaker
acl Safe_ports port 777 # multiling http
acl Safe_ports port 901 # SWAT
acl purge method PURGE
acl CONNECT method CONNECT
(...)
# Only allow cachemgr access from localhost
http_access allow manager localhost
http_access deny manager
# Only allow purge requests from localhost
http_access allow purge localhost
http_access deny purge
# Deny requests to unknown ports
http_access deny !Safe_ports
# Deny CONNECT to other than SSL ports
http_access deny CONNECT !SSL_ports
#
# INSERT YOUR OWN RULE(S) HERE TO ALLOW ACCESS FROM YOUR CLIENTS
#
http_access allow localhost
# And finally deny all other access to this proxy
http_access deny all
#Default:
# icp_access deny all
#
#Allow ICP queries from everyone
icp_access allow all

You should also configure Squid based on your system resources, including cache memory (option cache_mem), location of the cached files and the amount of space they will take up on disk (option cache_dir).
Notice that, if not properly configured, someone may relay a mail message through Squid, since the HTTP and SMTP protocols are designed similarly. Squid´s default configuration file denies access to port 25. If you wish to allow connections to port 25 just add it to Safe_ports lists. However, this is NOT recommended.
Setting and configuring the proxy/cache server properly is only part of keeping your site secure. Another necessary task is to analyze Squid´s logs to assure that all things are working as they should be working. There are some packages in Debian GNU/Linux that can help an administrator to do this. The following packages are available in Debian 3.0 and Debian 3.1 (sarge):

calamaris - Log analyzer for Squid or Oops proxy log files.
modlogan - A modular logfile analyzer.
sarg - Squid Analysis Report Generator.
squidtaild - Squid log monitoring program.

When using Squid in Accelerator Mode it acts as a web server too. Turning on this option increases code complexity, making it less reliable. By default Squid is not configured to act as a web server, so you don´t need to worry about this. Note that if you want to use this feature be sure that it is really necessary. To find more information about Accelerator Mode on Squid see the Squid User´s Guide - Accelerator Mode


Securing printing access (the lpd and lprng issue)
Imagine, you arrive at work, and the printer is spitting out endless amounts of paper because someone is DoSing your line printer daemon. Nasty, isn´t it?
In any UNIX printing architecture, there has to be a way to get the client´s data to the host´s print server. In traditional lpr and lp, the client command copies or symlinks the data into the spool directory (which is why these programs are usually SUID or SGID).
In order to avoid any issues you should keep your printer servers especially secure. This means you need to configure your printer service so it will only allow connections from a set of trusted servers. In order to do this, add the servers you want to allow printing to your /etc/hosts.lpd.
However, even if you do this, the lpr daemon accepts incoming connections on port 515 of any interface. You should consider firewalling connections from networks/hosts which are not allowed printing (the lpr daemon cannot be limited to listen only on a given IP address).
Lprng should be preferred over lpr since it can be configured to do IP access control. And you can specify which interface to bind to (although somewhat weirdly).
If you are using a printer in your system, but only locally, you will not want to share this service over a network. You can consider using other printing systems, like the one provided by cups or PDQ which is based on user permissions of the /dev/lp0 device.
In cups, the print data is transferred to the server via the HTTP protocol. This means the client program doesn´t need any special privileges, but does require that the server is listening on a port somewhere.
However, if you want to use cups, but only locally, you can configure it to bind to the loopback interface by changing /etc/cups/cupsd.conf:

Listen 127.0.0.1:631 # This might not work! To go sure: Port 631 and Listen /var/run/cups/cups.sock

There are many other security options like allowing or denying networks and hosts in this config file. However, if you do not need them you might be better off just limiting the listening port. Cups also serves documentation through the HTTP port, if you do not want to disclose potential useful information to outside attackers (and the port is open) add also:

>Location /<
Order Deny,Allow
Deny From All
Allow From 127.0.0.1 # or try "Allow @LOCAL"
</Location>

This configuration file can be modified to add some more features including SSL/TLS certificates and crypto. The manuals are available at http://localhost:631/ or at cups.org.
FIXME: Add more content (the article on Amateur Fortress Building provides some very interesting views).
FIXME: Check if PDG is available in Debian, and if so, suggest this as the preferred printing system.
FIXME: Check if Farmer/Wietse has a replacement for printer daemon and if it´s available in Debian.
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch-sec-services.en.html

Securing SSH, mail-service, BIND, Apache, Finger and deactivate NIS
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch-sec-services.de.html

Administrate the services with systemd since year 2013 or by chkconfig
/etc/rc.local for each boot still is not registrated, so it still might not be executed, maybe the same for ip6tables and iptables. For this purpose create rc.local in /etc/init.d (by overwriting it with /etc/init.d/linfw3 for example) to change the include of previous daemon linfw3, now rc.local in /etc/init.d up to the following: start() "sh /etc/init.d/rc.local", unneeded variables removed and without stop() and restart(). Set a new chkconfig-number in the commented in line at the beginning.
To be careful, registrate the service: "chkconfig --add rc.local".
Generally, using this command, all services get visible in MCC -> service administration.
Set the hooks to activate the needed ones only or set the runlevel 0 up to 6 for each new service manually, almost like 0-OFF 1-OFF 2-OFF 3-ON 4-ON 5-ON 6-OFF.
Notice, that all runlevel-init-scripts out of /etc/init.d/ and /etc/rcX.d can also get started (start), restarted (restart) and stopped (stop) for MDV and el6 and many other distributions manually by a command like:
"sh /etc/init.d/linfw3 start".

Start of the database server mysqld (el6.remi): like rc.local above, but the bind-address has to be commented in /etc/my.cnf.
Reverse-Proxy daemon (init-script) nginx (el6): like rc.local above too, but before you do this, copy "cp -axf /usr/lib/perl5/strict.pm /usr/local/share/perl5&quto; and "cp -axf /usr/lib/perl5/warnings* /usr/local/share/perl5/".
Apache webserver daemon httpd (el6): like rc.local above, but modules have to be configured well, eventually remove them.
Print server daemon: cups (pclos)
LAN-server resp. - clients: samba-... (el6); samba is not required for single pc-workstations connected with a DSL-router
...

But before these init-scripts get started, configure the server in their own configuration-files in /etc ! ...

Detailed includes of /etc/rc.local and one more script in /usr/sbin for ACL-access-rights are listed further below. Both will be started as runlevel-init-scripts (daemons) each boot out of /etc/init.d .

Important access-rights each system-boot, meaning of UNIX/Linux-groups
Files and directories with unrestricted access-rights can be found out, even without root-rights:
The command

find / -path /proc -prune -o -type f -perm 666

finds all files within the complete file-system except within "/proc", that can be read and overwritten (write). The next one,

find / -path /proc -prune -o -type f -perm 777

lists all such files, that are executable too.

find / -path /proc -prune -o -type d -perm 777

finds directores, that are ready for read and write.

Instead of giving directorese and files the full access rights (chmod 777), it is the better to use groups for the common used files by the command

chgrp [-R] [group] [file/Directory]
https://www.pcwelt.de/ratgeber/Sechs-wichtige-Sicherheitstipps-Linux-Server-9940087.html#6

777 ->, 770, 775 -> 770, 755 ->, 750, 641 ->, 640 usw.

For this, at least following user should belong to the group of root: standard group root, uuid, lp, lpadmin, tty, user and toruser.

Be a little bit careful with this! We almost resign from this assignment of users to the group of root in main in future, but whoever wants can try to restrict even more the access rights this way...

chgrp changes the group of directories and files. For the full access by different user and groups only the access-right 770 for directories and 660 for files have to be set only..

Important access-rights set each system boot
/etc/rc.local
chown root:root / # Notice: It would be much better to enter all chown and chmod here in /etc/permissions.secure and in the adequate form there only!
chown root:root /* # -> /etc/permissions.secure
chmod 700 -R /etc/init.d
chmod 700 -R /etc/rc0.d
chmod 700 -R /etc/rc1.d
chmod 700 -R /etc/rc2.d
chmod 700 -R /etc/rc3.d
chmod 700 -R /etc/rc4.d
chmod 700 -R /etc/rc5.d
chmod 700 -R /etc/rc6.d
chmod 400 /etc/shadow*
chmod 400 path_to_encrypted_key_file_for_LUKS_encrypted_partitions
...

Also set in /etc/permissions.local "/usr/sbin/suexec root:root 0755" (instead of 4755) ! In order to gain a first, short overview for more access-rights within /etc/rc.local set each boot ( for a second we are going to list them more in detail soon ). They do not make the system working only secure, they also do let work it mouseclick-fast :

chmod 111 /# Notice: It would be much better to enter all chown and chmod here in /etc/permissions.secure and in the adequate form there only!
chmod 755 /usr # 755 needed for caffeine only, else 751
chmod 751 /bin
chmod 751 /var # resp. 750, if user belongs to the group of root
chmod 751 /sbin
chmod 751 /lib64
chmod 751 /usr/lib64
# chmod 751 -R /usr/lib64/python2.6
# chmod 751 -R /usr/lib/python2.6 # shall have got the same include as /usr/lib64/python2.6
chmod 751 /usr/lib64/kde4
chmod 751 /etc # resp. chmod 750, if the groups listed above belong to root, same for /opt and /var, but we won&#t follow this in future.
chmod 755 /etc/* # resp.chmod 750, if the groups listed above belong to root, same for /opt and /var, but we won&#t follow this in future.
chmod 755 /etc/bashrc
chmod 755 -R /etc/font*
chmod 755 /etc/group
chmod 755 /etc/nsswitch.conf
chmod 755 /etc/ld.so.preload
chmod 755 -R /etc/pango*
chmod 755 /etc/sysconfig/network
chmod 755 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts
chmod 700 -R /etc/init.d
chmod 700 -R /etc/rc0.d
chmod 700 -R /etc/rc1.d
chmod 700 -R /etc/rc2.d
chmod 700 -R /etc/rc3.d
chmod 700 -R /etc/rc4.d
chmod 700 -R /etc/rc5.d
chmod 700 -R /etc/rc6.d
chown root:shadow /etc/shadow*
chmod 400 /etc/shadow*
chown root:root /etc/passwd*
chmod 644 /etc/passwd*
chown root:root /etc/fstab*
chmod 400 /etc/fstab*
chown root:root /etc/crypttab*
chmod 700 /etc/crypttab*
chown root:root /etc/mtab*
chmod 700 /etc/mtab*
chown root:root /etc/hosts
chmod 644 /etc/hosts
chown root:root /etc/mtab* chmod 644 /etc/mtab* # chmod 700: kdf arbeitet nicht
chown root:root /etc/login.defs
chmod 755 /etc/login.defs
chmod 755 -R /etc/firejail
chmod 755 -R /etc/xdg*
chmod 755 -R /etc/resolv.conf
chown root:root -R /etc/modprobe*
chmod 700 -R /etc/modprobe*
chmod 751 /opt # resp. 750, if user belongs to the group of root
chmod 751 /lib
chmod 700 /root
chmod 700 -R /etc/init.d
chmod 751 /initrd
chmod 751 /misc
chmod 700 -R /boot-save
chown root:root /usr/bin
chown root:root /usr/sbin
chown root:root /usr/lib64
chown root:root /usr/lib
chown root:root /usr/libexec
chown root:root /usr/share
chown root:root /root
chmod 700 /usr/bin/xterm # terminals (except your favorite one)
chmod 700 /usr/bin/aterm
chmod 700 /usr/bin/byobu*
chmod 700 /usr/bin/terminator*
chmod 700 /usr/bin/quadkonsole*
chmod 700 /usr/bin/lxterminal*
chmod 700 /usr/bin/yakuake*
chmod 700 /usr/bin/aterm
chmod 700 /usr/bin/multi-aterm
chmod 700 /usr/bin/tcsh*
chmod 700 /usr/bin/rxvt*
chown root:firejail /usr/bin/firejail
chmod 04750 /usr/bin/firejail # For this, surfuser must be a member of the primary group named firejail of firejail !
chmod 644 /etc/passwd
chmod 644 /etc/security/msec/*.secure
chmod 711 /home
chmod 700 /home/user
chmod 700 /home/surfuser
chmod 700 /home/uuidd
chmod 700 /home/toruser
chmod 700 -R /home/user/Dokumente
#
# from permissions (OpenSuSE, chkstat), level: secure with some changes
/ root:root 111
/root/ root:root 700
/tmp/ root:root 1777
/tmp/.X11-unix/ root:root 1777
/tmp/.ICE-unix/ root:root 1777
/dev/ root:root 755
/bin/ root:root 751
/sbin/ root:root 751
/lib/ root:root 751
/etc/ root:root 751
/home/ root:root 711
/boot/ root:root 755
/opt/ root:root 751
/usr/ root:root 755
/usr/local root:root 755
#
# /var:
#

/var/tmp/ root:root 1777
/var/log/ root:root 755
/var/spool/ root:root 755
/var/spool/mqueue/ root:root 700
/var/spool/news/ news:news 775
/var/spool/voice/ root:root 755
/var/spool/mail/ root:root 1777
/var/adm/ root:root 755
/var/adm/backup/ root:root 700
/var/cache/ root:root 755
/var/cache/man/ man:root 755
/var/run/nscd/socket root:root 666
/run/nscd/socket root:root 666
/var/run/sudo/ root:root 700
/run/sudo/ root:root 700

#
# login tracking
#
/var/log/lastlog root:root 644
/var/log/faillog root:root 600
/var/log/wtmp root:utmp 664
/var/log/btmp root:utmp 600
/var/run/utmp root:utmp 664
/run/utmp root:utmp 664

#
# some device files
#

/dev/zero root:root 666
/dev/null root:root 666
/dev/full root:root 666
/dev/ip root:root 660
/dev/initrd root:disk 660
/dev/kmem root:kmem 640

#
# /etc
#
/etc/lilo.conf root:root 600
/etc/passwd root:root 644
/etc/shadow root:shadow 400
/etc/init.d/ root:root 755
/etc/hosts root:root 644
# Changing the hosts_access(5) files causes trouble with services
# that do not run as root!
/etc/hosts.allow root:root 644
/etc/hosts.deny root:root 644
/etc/hosts.equiv root:root 644
/etc/hosts.lpd root:root 644
/etc/ld.so.conf root:root 644
/etc/ld.so.cache root:root 644

/etc/opiekeys root:root 600

/etc/ppp/ root:root 750
/etc/ppp/chap-secrets root:root 600
/etc/ppp/pap-secrets root:root 600

# sysconfig files:
/etc/sysconfig/network/providers/ root:root 700

# utempter
/usr/lib/utempter/utempter root:utmp 2755

# ensure correct permissions on ssh files to avoid sshd refusing
# logins (bnc#398250)
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_key root:root 600
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub root:root 644
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key root:root 600
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub root:root 644 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key root:root 600
/etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub root:root 644
/etc/ssh/ssh_config root:root 644
/etc/ssh/sshd_config root:root 640

#
# legacy
#
# new traceroute program by Olaf Kirch does not need setuid root any more.
/usr/sbin/traceroute root:root 755

# games:games 775 safe as long as we don´t change files below it (#103186)
# still people do it (#429882) so root:root 755 is the consequence.
/var/games/ root:root 0755

# No longer common. Set setuid bit yourself if you need it
# (#66191)
#/usr/bin/ziptool root:trusted 0755

#
# udev static devices (#438039)
#
/lib/udev/devices/net/tun root:root 0666
/lib/udev/devices/null root:root 0666
/lib/udev/devices/ptmx root:tty 0666
/lib/udev/devices/tty root:tty 0666
/lib/udev/devices/zero root:root 0666

#
# named chroot (#438045)
#
/var/lib/named/dev/null root:root 0666
/var/lib/named/dev/random root:root 0666

# opiesu is not allowed setuid root as code quality is bad (bnc#882035)
/usr/bin/opiesu root:root 0755

# we no longer make rpm build dirs 1777
/usr/src/packages/SOURCES/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/BUILD/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/BUILDROOT/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/alphaev56/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/alphaev67/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/alphaev6/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/alpha/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/amd64/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/arm4l/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/armv4l/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/armv5tejl/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/armv5tejvl/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/armv5tel/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/armv5tevl/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/armv6l/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/armv6vl/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/armv7l/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/athlon/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/geode/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/hppa2.0/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/hppa/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/i386/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/i486/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/i586/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/i686/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/ia32e/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/ia64/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/mips/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/noarch/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/pentium3/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/pentium4/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/powerpc64/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/powerpc/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/ppc64/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/ppc/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/s390/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/s390x/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/sparc64/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/sparc/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/sparcv9/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/RPMS/x86_64/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/SPECS/ root:root 0755
/usr/src/packages/SRPMS/ root:root 0755
#
# /etc
#
/etc/crontab root:root 600
/etc/exports root:root 644
/etc/fstab root:root 400
/etc/ftpusers root:root 644
/var/lib/nfs/rmtab root:root 644
/etc/syslog.conf root:root 600
/etc/ssh/sshd_config root:root 600
# we might want to tighten that up in the future in this profile (remove the
# ability for others to read/enter)
/etc/cron.d root:root 755
/etc/cron.daily root:root 755
/etc/cron.hourly root:root 755
/etc/cron.monthly root:root 755
/etc/cron.weekly root:root 755

#
# suid system programs that need the suid bit to work:
#
/bin/su root:root 4755
# disable at and cron for users that do not belnong to the group "trusted"
/usr/bin/at root:trusted 0750
/usr/bin/crontab root:trusted 0750
/usr/bin/gpasswd root:shadow 4755
/usr/bin/newgrp root:root 0755
/usr/bin/passwd root:shadow 4755
/usr/bin/chfn root:shadow 4755
/usr/bin/chage root:shadow 0755
/usr/bin/chsh root:shadow 0755
/usr/bin/expiry root:shadow 0755
/usr/bin/sudo root:root 4755
/usr/sbin/su-wrapper root:root 0755
# opie password system
# /usr/bin/opiepasswd root:root 0755
#
/sbin/mount.nfs root:root 0755
#
#
/usr/bin/fusermount root:trusted 4750
# needs setuid root when using shadow via NIS:
#
/sbin/unix_chkpwd root:shadow 0755
/sbin/unix2_chkpwd root:shadow 0755

# squid changes
/var/cache/squid/ squid:root 0750
/var/log/squid/ squid:root 0750
/usr/sbin/pinger squid:root 0750
+capabilities cap_net_raw=ep
/usr/sbin/basic_pam_auth root:shadow 2750

# still to be converted to utempter /usr/lib/gnome-pty-helper root:utmp 2755

#
# mixed section: most of it is disabled in this permissions.secure:
#
# video
/usr/bin/v4l-conf root:video 0750

# turned off write and wall by disabling sgid tty:
/usr/bin/wall root:tty 0755
/usr/bin/write root:tty 0755
# thttpd: sgid + executeable only for group www. Useless...
/usr/bin/makeweb root:www 2750
# pcmcia:
# Needs setuid to eject cards (#100120)
/sbin/pccardctl root:trusted 4750
# gnokii nokia cellphone software
# #66209
/usr/sbin/mgnokiidev root:uucp 755
# mailman mailing list software
# #66315
/usr/lib/mailman/cgi-bin/admin root:mailman 2755
/usr/lib/mailman/cgi-bin/admindb root:mailman 2755
/usr/lib/mailman/cgi-bin/edithtml root:mailman 2755
/usr/lib/mailman/cgi-bin/listinfo root:mailman 2755
/usr/lib/mailman/cgi-bin/options root:mailman 2755
/usr/lib/mailman/cgi-bin/private root:mailman 2755
/usr/lib/mailman/cgi-bin/roster root:mailman 2755
/usr/lib/mailman/cgi-bin/subscribe root:mailman 2755
/usr/lib/mailman/cgi-bin/confirm root:mailman 2755
/usr/lib/mailman/cgi-bin/create root:mailman 2755
/usr/lib/mailman/cgi-bin/editarch root:mailman 2755
/usr/lib/mailman/cgi-bin/rmlist root:mailman 2755
/usr/lib/mailman/mail/mailman root:mailman 2755

# libgnomesu (#75823, #175616)
/usr/lib/libgnomesu/gnomesu-pam-backend root:root 4755

#
# networking (need root for the privileged socket)
#
/usr/bin/ping root:root 0755
+capabilities cap_net_raw=ep
/usr/bin/ping6 root:root 0755
+capabilities cap_net_raw=ep
# mtr is linked against ncurses. no suid bit, for root only:
/usr/sbin/mtr root:dialout 0750
/usr/bin/rcp root:root 0000
/usr/bin/rlogin root:root 0000
/usr/bin/rsh root:root 0000

# exim
/usr/sbin/exim root:root 0755

#
# dialup networking programs
#
/usr/sbin/pppoe-wrapper root:dialout 4750
# i4l package (#100750):
/sbin/isdnctrl root:dialout 4750
# #66111
/usr/bin/vboxbeep root:trusted 0755

#
# linux text console utilities
#
# setuid needed on the text console to set the terminal content on ctrl-o
# #66112
/usr/lib/mc/cons.saver root:root 0755

#
# terminal emulators
# This and future SUSE products have support for the utempter, a small helper
# program that does the utmp/wtmp update work with the necessary rights.
# The use of utempter obsoletes the need for sgid bits on terminal emulator
# binaries. We mention screen here, but all other terminal emulators have
# moved to /etc/permissions, with modes set to 0755.

# needs setuid to access /dev/console
# framebuffer terminal emulator (japanese)
/usr/bin/jfbterm root:tty 0755

#
# kde
# (all of them are disabled in permissions.secure except for
# the helper programs)
#
# needs setuid root when using shadow via NIS:
# #66218
/usr/lib/kde4/libexec/kcheckpass root:shadow 4755
/usr/lib64/kde4/libexec/kcheckpass root:shadow 4755
/usr/lib/kde4/libexec/kdesud root:nogroup 2755
/usr/lib64/kde4/libexec/kdesud root:nogroup 2755
/usr/lib/libexec/kf5/kdesud root:nogroup 2755
/usr/lib64/libexec/kf5/kdesud root:nogroup 2755

# bnc#523833
/usr/lib/kde4/libexec/start_kdeinit root:root 4755
/usr/lib64/kde4/libexec/start_kdeinit root:root 4755

#
# amanda
#
/usr/sbin/amcheck root:amanda 0750
/usr/lib/amanda/calcsize root:amanda 0750
/usr/lib/amanda/rundump root:amanda 0750
/usr/lib/amanda/planner root:amanda 0750
/usr/lib/amanda/runtar root:amanda 0750
/usr/lib/amanda/dumper root:amanda 0750
/usr/lib/amanda/killpgrp root:amanda 0750

#
# gnats
#
/usr/lib/gnats/gen-index gnats:root 4555
/usr/lib/gnats/pr-edit gnats:root 4555
/usr/lib/gnats/queue-pr gnats:root 4555


#
# news (inn)
#
# the inn start script changes it´s uid to news:news. Later innbind
# is called by this user. Those programs do not need to be called by
# anyone else, therefore the strange permissions 4554 are required
# for operation. (#67032, #594393)
#
/usr/lib/news/bin/rnews news:uucp 4550
/usr/lib/news/bin/inews news:news 2555
/usr/lib/news/bin/innbind root:news 4550

#
# sendfax
#
# restrictive, only for "trusted" group users:
/usr/lib/mgetty+sendfax/faxq-helper fax:root 4755
/var/spool/fax/outgoing/ fax:root 0755
/var/spool/fax/outgoing/locks fax:root 0755

#
# uucp
#
/var/spool/uucppublic/ root:uucp 1770
/usr/bin/uucp uucp:uucp 6555
/usr/bin/uuname uucp:uucp 6555
/usr/bin/uustat uucp:uucp 6555
/usr/bin/uux uucp:uucp 6555
/usr/lib/uucp/uucico uucp:uucp 6555
/usr/lib/uucp/uuxqt uucp:uucp 6555

# pcp (bnc#782967)
/var/lib/pcp/tmp/ root:root 0755
/var/lib/pcp/tmp/pmdabash/ root:root 0755
/var/lib/pcp/tmp/mmv/ root:root 0755
/var/lib/pcp/tmp/pmlogger/ root:root 0755
/var/lib/pcp/tmp/pmie/ root:root 0755

# PolicyKit (#295341)
/usr/lib/PolicyKit/polkit-set-default-helper polkituser:root 4755
/usr/lib/PolicyKit/polkit-read-auth-helper root:polkituser 2755
/usr/lib/PolicyKit/polkit-revoke-helper root:polkituser 2755
/usr/lib/PolicyKit/polkit-explicit-grant-helper root:polkituser 2755
/usr/lib/PolicyKit/polkit-grant-helper root:polkituser 2755
/usr/lib/PolicyKit/polkit-grant-helper-pam root:polkituser 4750

# polkit new (bnc#523377)
/usr/lib/polkit-1/polkit-agent-helper-1 root:root 4755
/usr/bin/pkexec root:root 4755

# dbus-1 (#333361)
/lib/dbus-1/dbus-daemon-launch-helper root:messagebus 4750
/lib64/dbus-1/dbus-daemon-launch-helper root:messagebus 4750
# dbus-1 in /usr #1056764)
/usr/lib/dbus-1/dbus-daemon-launch-helper root:messagebus 4750
/usr/lib64/dbus-1/dbus-daemon-launch-helper root:messagebus 4750

# policycoreutils (#440596)
/usr/bin/newrole root:root 0755

# VirtualBox (#429725)
/usr/lib/virtualbox/VirtualBox root:vboxusers 0755
# bsc#1120650
/usr/lib/virtualbox/VirtualBoxVM root:vboxusers 0750
/usr/lib/virtualbox/VBoxHeadless root:vboxusers 0755
/usr/lib/virtualbox/VBoxSDL root:vboxusers 0755
# (bnc#533550)
/usr/lib/virtualbox/VBoxNetAdpCtl root:vboxusers 0755
# bnc#669055
/usr/lib/virtualbox/VBoxNetDHCP root:vboxusers 0755
# bsc#1033425
/usr/lib/virtualbox/VBoxNetNAT root:vboxusers 0755

# open-vm-tools (bnc#474285)
/usr/bin/vmware-user-suid-wrapper root:root 0755

# lockdev (bnc#588325)
/usr/sbin/lockdev root:lock 2755

# hawk (bnc#665045)
/usr/sbin/hawk_chkpwd root:haclient 4750
/usr/sbin/hawk_invoke root:haclient 4750

# chromium (bnc#718016)
/usr/lib/chrome_sandbox root:root 4755

# ecryptfs-utils (bnc#740110)
/sbin/mount.ecryptfs_private root:root 0755

# wireshark (bsc#957624)
/usr/bin/dumpcap root:wireshark 0750
+capabilities cap_net_raw,cap_net_admin=ep

# singularity (bsc#1028304)
# these have been dropped in version 2.4 (see bsc#1111411, comment 4)
#/usr/lib/singularity/bin/expand-suid root:singularity 4750
#/usr/lib/singularity/bin/create-suid root:singularity 4750
#/usr/lib/singularity/bin/export-suid root:singularity 4750
#/usr/lib/singularity/bin/import-suid root:singularity 4750
/usr/lib/singularity/bin/action-suid root:singularity 4750
/usr/lib/singularity/bin/mount-suid root:singularity 4750
/usr/lib/singularity/bin/start-suid root:singularity 4750

/usr/bin/su root:root 4755
/usr/bin/mount root:root 4755
/usr/bin/umount root:root 4755

# cdrecord of cdrtools from Joerg Schilling (bnc#550021)
# in secure mode, no provisions are made for reliable cd burning, as admins
# will have very likely prohibited that anyway.
/usr/bin/cdrecord root:root 755
/usr/bin/readcd root:root 755
/usr/bin/cdda2wav root:root 755

# qemu-bridge-helper (bnc#765948, bsc#988279)
/usr/lib/qemu-bridge-helper root:kvm 04750

# systemd-journal (bnc#888151)
/var/log/journal/ root:systemd-journal 2755

#iouyap (bnc#904060)
/usr/lib/iouyap root:iouyap 0750

# radosgw (bsc#943471)
/usr/bin/radosgw root:www 0750
+capabilities cap_net_bind_service=ep

# gstreamer ptp (bsc#960173)
/usr/lib/gstreamer-1.0/gst-ptp-helper root:root 0755
+capabilities cap_net_bind_service=ep

#
# suexec is only secure if the document root doesn´t contain files
# writeable by wwwrun. Make sure you have a safe server setup
# before setting the setuid bit! See also
# https://bugzilla.novell.com/show_bug.cgi?id=263789
# http://httpd.apache.org/docs/trunk/suexec.html
# You need to override this in permissions.local.
# suexec2 is a symlink for now, leave as-is
#
/usr/sbin/suexec root:root 0755

# newgidmap / newuidmap (bsc#979282, bsc#1048645)
/usr/bin/newgidmap root:shadow 4755
/usr/bin/newuidmap root:shadow 4755

# kwayland (bsc#1062182)
/usr/bin/kwin_wayland root:root 0755
+capabilities cap_sys_nice=ep

# gvfs (bsc#1065864)
/usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-nfs root:root 0755

# icinga2 (bsc#1069410)
/run/icinga2/cmd icinga:icingagmd 2750

# fping (bsc#1047921)
/usr/sbin/fping root:root 0755
+capabilities cap_net_raw=ep

# usbauth (bsc#1066877)
/usr/bin/usbauth-npriv root:usbauth 04750
/usr/lib/usbauth-notifier root:usbauth-notifier 0750
/usr/lib/usbauth-notifier/usbauth-notifier root:usbauth 02755

# spice-gtk (bsc#1101420)
/usr/bin/spice-client-glib-usb-acl-helper root:kvm 04750

# smc-tools (bsc#1102956)
/usr/lib/libsmc-preload.so root:root 04755
/usr/lib64/libsmc-preload.so root:root 04755

# lxc (bsc#988348)
/usr/lib/lxc/lxc-user-nic root:kvm 04750

# firejail (bsc#1059013) /usr/bin/firejail root:firejail 04750 # For this, surfuser must be member of the primary group named firejail of firejail !

# authbind (bsc#1111251)
/usr/lib/authbind/helper root:root 04755

# fuse3 (bsc#1111230)
/usr/bin/fusermount3 root:trusted 04750

# 389-ds (bsc#1111564)
/usr/sbin/ns-slapd root:dirsrv 0750
/ root:root 111
/home root:root 711
/home/user user:user 700
/home/surfuser surfuser:surfuser 700
/home/toranonym toruser:torgroup 700
/usr/src root:root 700
/usr/lib64 root:root 751
/usr/lib64/kde4 root:root 751
/usr root:root 755
/bin root:root 751
/sbin root:root 751
/lib64 root:root 751
/lib root:root 751
/root root:root 700
/initrd root:root 751
/misc root:root 751
/boot-save root:root 000
/usr/games root:root 751
/net root:root 751
/secoff root:root 710
/sid-root root:root 700
/srv root:root 751
/sys root:root 751
/var root:root 751
/mnt root:root 755
/media root:root 711
/initrd root:root 751
/etc/security/msec/*.secure root:root 751
/usr/local root:root 755
/usr/local/Brother root:root 755
/GenuineIntel.bin root:root 710
/Module.symvers root:root 751
/usr/lib/cups root:sys 755
/usr/share/cups root:sys 755
/etc/cups root:sys 755
/smack root:root 700
/usr/share root:root 755
/usr/share/* root:root 755
/usr/libexec root:root 751
/usr/libexec/* root:root 755
/usr/lib64/kde4 root:root 751
/home/user/Dokumente user:user 700
/home/user/Dokumente/* user:user 700
/home/user/.kde4 user:user 700
/home/user/.kde4/* user:user 700
/home/user/.kde4/share/apps/kmail/mail user:user 700
/home/user/.kde4/share/apps/kmail/mail/*/*/* user:user 700
/home/surfuser/.mozilla surfuser:surfuser 100
/var/cache root:root 755
/var/cache/cups root:sys 775
/var/cache/cups/ppds.dat lp:sys 755
/var/cache/cups/job.cache root:sys 755
/var/cache/cups/help.index lp:sys 755
/var/cache/pdnsd pdnsd:pdnsd 755
/var/cache/pdnsd/pdnsd.cache pdnsd:pdnsd 755
/var/cache/coolkey root:root 755
/var/cache/urpmi root:root 755
/var/cache/apparmor root:root 755
/home/uuidd uuidd:uuidd 700
/usr/libexec root:root 755
/usr/lib/cups/filter root:sys 755 # Gruppe sys, abhängig von /etc/cups/cupsd.conf
/usr/lib/cups/filter/* root:sys 755
/usr/lib/cups/driver root:sys 755
/usr/lib/cups/driver/* root:sys 755
/usr/share/cups/ root:sys 755
/usr/share/cups/* root:sys 755
/usr/share/cups/model/ root:sys 755
/var/spool root:root 755
/var/spool/MailScanner root:root 755
/usr/lib/cups/filter/* root:sys 755
/usr/lib/cups/driver/* root:sys 755
/usr/share/cups/* root:sys 755
/etc/cups root:sys 755
/etc/cups/* root:sys 755
/var/cache/cups root:sys 775
/var/cache/cups/rss root:sys 775
/lib64/ld*.so root:root 755
/lib64/libc-*.so root:root 755
/usr/lib64/kde4 root:root 751
/usr/lib64/kde4/* root:root 755
/usr/share root:root 755
/usr/games root:root 751
/etc/security/msec/*.secure root:root 751
/usr/local root:root 755
/usr/share/* root:root 755

Start permissions for example in /etc/rc.local: chkstat --set --no-fscaps /etc/permissions # rpm "permissions" from OpenSuSE (even possible for CentOS 6)
chkstat --set --no-fscaps /etc/permissions.secure # configuration from right above
chkstat --set --no-fscaps /etc/permissions.local # ... but configure it at first!

... oh, where does it belong to (this line went out)?: +capabilities cap_net_bind_service=ep

CAPABILITIES
capsh, getcap, setcap, ...
linux - Using capsh to drop all capabilities - Stack Overflow
root: All caps are assigned to root by default !
pub enum Capability { CAP_CHOWN, CAP_DAC_OVERRIDE, CAP_DAC_READ_SEARCH, CAP_FOWNER, CAP_FSETID, CAP_KILL, CAP_SETGID, CAP_SETUID, CAP_SETPCAP Drops the capability for the current process via a call to cap_drop_bound.0x0000003fffffffff=cap_chown,cap_dac_override,cap_dac_read_search,cap_fowner,cap_fsetid,cap_kill,cap_setgid,cap_setuid,cap_setpcap,cap_linux_immutable,cap_net_bind_service,cap_net_broadcast,cap_net_admin,cap_net_raw,cap_ipc_lock,cap_ipc_owner,cap_sys_module,cap_sys_rawio,cap_sys_chroot,cap_sys_ptrace,cap_sys_pacct,cap_sys_admin,cap_sys_boot,cap_sys_nice,cap_sys_resource,cap_sys_time,cap_sys_tty_config,cap_mknod,cap_lease,cap_audit_write,cap_audit_control,cap_setfcap,cap_mac_override,cap_mac_admin,cap_syslog,cap_wake_alarm,cap_block_suspend,37...
Capabilities:
capsh --print Current: = Bounding set = Securebits: 00/0x0/1´b0 secure-noroot: no (unlocked) secure-no-suid-fixup: no (unlocked) secure-keep-caps: no (unlocked) uid=10101(u0_a101) gid=10101...
/etc/permissions.secure :
...
/usr/sbin/pinger squid:root 0750
+capabilities cap_net_raw=ep
...
/usr/bin/ping root:root 0755
+capabilities cap_net_raw=ep
...
stackoverflow.com/questions/28811823/using-capsh-to-drop-all-capabilities

/etc/rc.local (complete, vollständig)
#!/bin/sh
#
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: rc.local
# X-Mandriva-Compat-Mode
# Default-Start: 2 3 4 5
# Short-Description: Local initialization script
# Description: This script will be executed *after* all the other init scripts.
# You can put your own initialization stuff in here if you don´t
# want to do the full Sys V style init stuff.
### END INIT INFO
sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf
auditctl -e0
echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/microcode/reload
# microcode_ctl -Qu
sh /usr/libexec/microcode_ctl/reload_microcode
hdparm -W1a0A0 /dev/sda # mausklick-schnelle SSD am S-ATA-Port, beachte die Anschlussnummer (1: sda, 2: sdb, ...)
echo deadline > /sys/block/sdb/queue/scheduler
echo 500 > /proc/sys/vm/dirty_writeback_centisecs
echo 20 > /proc/sys/vm/dirty_ratio
echo 5 > /proc/sys/vm/dirty_background_ratio
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/disable_ipv6
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_syncookies
echo "" > /etc/securetty
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_congestion-avoidance_algorithm # cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_congestion_control
# modprobe tcp_htcp
modprobe sch_fq_codel
modprobe tcp_cubic
# modprobe tcp_bbr
# echo sch_fq_codel > /proc/sys/net/core/default_qdisc
echo cubic > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_congestion_control
macchanger --mac=ac:22:ca:00:00:c1 eth0
echo sch_fq_codel > /proc/sys/net/core/default_qdisc
xhost -
xhost +si:localuser:user
xhost -inet6:user@
xhost -nis:user@
xhost - 192.168.178.1
xhost - 192.168.178.40
# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/hidden # or net.ipv4.conf.all.hidden=1 within /etc/sysctl.conf
# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/eth0/hidden
# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/secure_redirects
# echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/shared_media
# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/eth0/secure_redirects
# echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/eth0/shared_media
touch /var/lock/subsys/local
modprobe usblp
modprobe usb_storage
ifconfig eth0 -multicast
ifconfig lo -multicast
ifconfig lo -broadcast
ip link set eth0 multicast off
ip link set lo multicast off
sh /etc/init.d/ip6tables restart # wenn iptables-ipv6 (el6) neben iptables (el6) installiert worden ist; Der gesamte Traffic innerhalb des neuen Adressraums IPv6 wird auf INPUT, OUTPUT und FORWARD mit Linfw3 geblockt, siehe Regeln innerhalb /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables. Anstelle dieses totalen Blocks können alle IPv4-Regeln von Linfw3 in /usr/local/LINFW3.sh nach /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables übernommen werden, indem ipt="iptables" mit ipt="ip6tables" ausgestauscht wird. Überprüfe außerdem, ob /sbin/ip6tables* richtig mit /sbin/ip6tables-multi verlinkt ist.
mount -t securityfs -o rw,noatime /sys/kernel/security /mnt2
#sh /etc/init.d/syslog start
sh /etc/init.d/rsyslog start
cp -fp /etc/hosts.savenew /etc/hosts
cp -fp /etc/pdnsd-savenew.conf /etc/pdnsd.conf
# cp -fp /boot-save/ifcfg-eth0* /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
cp -fp /boot-save/70-persistent-net.rules /etc/udev/rules.d/
export RESOLV_HOST_CONF="/etc/hosts"
# sh /etc/init.d/incrond start
# sh /etc/init.d/noflushd start
# gpg-agent --daemon --use-standard-socket
# atieventsd
# dhclient -4 -cf /etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf eth0 &
# NetworkManager --log-level=ERR
# preload
# ifup eth0
# acpid&
# dnssec-triggerd
# unbound -dv -c /etc/unbound/unbound.conf
# tcpd &
# sh /etc/init.d/xfs start
# sh /etc/init.d/psad start
# paxctld -c /etc/paxctld.conf -d -p /var/run/paxctld
# dnscrypt-proxy --daemonize --user=pdnsd --local-address 127.0.0.2:53 -r 192.168.178.1 -l --tcp-port 443 /dev/null
# dnscrypt-proxy --daemonize --user=pdnsd --local-address 127.0.0.2:53 -r 208.67.222.222 --tcp-port 443 -l /dev/null
# dnscrypt-proxy --daemonize --user=pdnsd --local-address 127.0.0.2:53 -r 213.73.91.35 --tcp-port 443 -l /dev/null
# cp -fp /var/cache/pdnsd.cache /var/cache/pdnsd-savenew.cache
# speechd
# artsd&
# killall plymouthdxhost -
# sh /etc/init.d/lpd start
# redshift -l 60:10 -t 6500K:6200K&
sh /etc/init.d/modules-disabled start# kernel.modules_disabled=1, here after 45 seconds
chkstat --set --no-fscaps /etc/permissions # rpm permissions form OpenSuSE
chkstat --set --no-fscaps /etc/permissions.secure
#apparmor_parser -af /etc/apparmor/profiles/extras/usr.lib.firefox.firefox &
#apparmor_parser -af /etc/apparmor/profiles/sbin.dhclient &
#apparmor_parser -af /etc/apparmor/profiles/usr.bin.man &
#apparmor_parser -af /etc/apparmor/profiles/usr.bin/passwd &
#apparmor_parser -af /etc/apparmor/profiles/extras/usr.lib.firefox.sh &
# /usr/lib64/apparmorapplet&
unshare apparmor-dbus &
echo "ALLOW_REBOOT=yes" >> /etc/security/msec/security.conf
echo "BASE_LEVEL=secure" > /etc/security/msec/security.conf
echo "ENABLE_STARTUP_MSEC=yes" > /etc/security/msec/security.conf
echo "ENABLE_STARTUP_PERMS=enforce" > /etc/security/msec/security.conf
msec -f secure # msec: rpm from Mandriva Linux and Rosalabs
# chmod 666 /dev/usb/lp0 # besser: Sämtliche chown und chmod in /etc/permissions.secure in der vorgesehenen Form eintragen!
chown pdnsd:pdnsd -R /var/cache/pdnsd
chmod 755 /var/cache/pdnsd/pdnsd.cache
chown root:root /etc/hosts
chmod 400 /usr/local/key
chmod 644 /etc/hosts
chmod 111 /
chmod 751 /etc
chmod 755 /etc/sysconfig/network
chmod 755 /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts
chmod 400 /etc/shadow*
chmod 400 /etc/fstab*
chmod 700 /etc/crypttab*
chmod 700 /etc/mtab*
chmod 711 /home
chmod 700 /home/user
chmod 700 /home/surfuser
chmod 700 -R /home/surfuser/.mozilla
chown root:root /home/surfuser/.mozilla/firefox/profile.default/user.js
chmod 755 /home/surfuser/.mozilla/firefox/profile.default/user.js
chown root:root /home/surfuser/.mozilla/firefox/prefs.js
chmod 755 /home/surfuser/.mozilla/firefox/prefs.js
chmod 700 -R /home/surfuser/.moon*
chmod 700 -R /usr/src
chmod 751 /etc/X11
chmod 751 /usr/lib64
chmod 751 /usr/lib64/kde4
chmod 700 /home/toruser
chmod 700 -R /home/user/Dokumente
chmod 700 /home/uuidd
chmod 400 /usr/local/ke*
chmod 755 /usr
chmod 751 /bin
chmod 751 /sbin
chmod 751 /lib64
chmod 751 /opt
chmod 751 /lib
chmod 700 /root
chmod 700 -R /etc/init.d
chmod 751 /initrd
chmod 751 /misc
chmod 700 -R /boot-save
chmod 644 /etc/passwd
chmod 751 /usr/games
chmod 751 /net
chmod 710 /secoff
chmod 700 /sid-root
chmod 700 /smack
chmod 751 /srv
chmod 751 /sys
chmod 700 /typo3i*
chmod 751 /var
chmod 700 /lost*found
chmod 710 /intel-ucode*
chmod 751 /initrd
chmod 710 /GenuineIntel.bin
chmod 751 /etc/security/msec/*.secure
chmod 751 /Module.symvers
rm -df /home/surfuser/.Xauth*.*
rm -df /home/surfuser/.xauth*
rm -df /home/toruser/.xauth*
rm -df /home/toruser/.Xauth*.*
rm -df /home/user/.kde4/share/apps/kmail/mail/Spam/cur/*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/a*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/b*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/c*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/d*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/e*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/f*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/g*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/h*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/i*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/j*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/k*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/l*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/m*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/o*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/p*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/q*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/r*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/s*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/u*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/v*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/w*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/x*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/y*
rm -df /var/spool/cups/z*
echo ´V´ > /dev/watchdog
sh /etc/init.d/dosetfacls start# Script dosetfacls right up in the following
exit

Also create file (runlevel-init-script)
/etc/init.d/dosetfacls

Erzeuge noch
/etc/init.d/dosetfacls

#!/bin/sh
#
# This is file /etc/rc.d/init.d/linfw3 and was put here
# by the linfw3 rpm
#
# chkconfig: 2345 92 36
#
# description: secure iptables based firewall against all hacker and trojans \
# evtl. change chkconfig Number!
#

# ********************************************************************
#
# File : $Source: /cvsroot/ijbswa/current/linfw3.init,v $
#
# Purpose : This shell script takes care of starting and stopping
# linfw3.
#
# Copyright : Written by Gooken
# http://www.gooken.de
#
#
#
# ********************************************************************/


# Source function library.
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions

start () {
# start daemon
setfacl -m u:-1:- /* # There is an unnamed (!) process starting from time to time by user so called "-1, root".... listed on the buttom of the listing from ps -aux (gamin, FAM?)
setfacl -m u:-1:- /mnt
setfacl -m u:-1:- /media
setfacl -m u:apache:- /home/user
setfacl -m u:apache:- /home/surfuser
setfacl -m u:apache:- /home/toranonym
setfacl -m u:apache:- /mnt
setfacl -m u:apache:- /media
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/shadow*
setfacl -m u:toranonym:- /etc/shadow*
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/fstab*
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/mtab*
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/crypttab*
setfacl -m u:toranonym:- /etc/fstab*
setfacl -m u:toranonym:- /etc/mtab*
setfacl -m u:toranonym:- /etc/crypttab*
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/init.d
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/init.d/*
setfacl -m u:toranonym:- /etc/init.d
setfacl -m u:toranonym:- /etc/init.d/*
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/rc0.d
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/rc1.d
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/rc2.d
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/rc3.d
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/rc4.d
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/rc5.d
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/rc6.d
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/rc.local
setfacl -m u:toranonym:- /etc/rc0.d
setfacl -m u:toranonym:- /etc/rc1.d
setfacl -m u:toranonym:- /etc/rc2.d
setfacl -m u:toranonym:- /etc/rc3.d
setfacl -m u:toranonym:- /etc/rc4.d
setfacl -m u:toranonym:- /etc/rc.local
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/security/msec
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/security
setfacl -m u:toranonym:- /etc/security
setfacl -m u:toranonym:- /etc/security/msec
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /etc/crypttab*
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /usr/bin/*
setfacl -x surfuser /usr/bin/bash*
setfacl -x surfuser /usr/bin/unshare
setfacl -x surfuser /usr/bin/firejail*
setfacl -x surfuser /usr/bin/firefox*
setfacl -x surfuser /usr/bin/gftp*
setfacl -x surfuser /usr/bin/tor*
setfacl -x surfuser /usr/bin/xauth*
setfacl -x surfuser /usr/bin/xargs*
setfacl -x surfuser /usr/bin/sg*
setfacl -x surfuser /usr/bin/palemoon*
setfacl -x surfuser /usr/bin/export
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /usr/libexec
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /usr/sbin
setfacl -m u:surfuser:--x /bin
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /bin/*
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /sbin
setfacl -x surfuser /bin/bash*
setfacl -x surfuser /bin/certtool
setfacl -x surfuser /bin/certutil
setfacl -x surfuser /bin/basename
setfacl -x surfuser /bin/bash.old
setfacl -x surfuser /bin/p11tool
setfacl -x surfuser /bin/pk12util
setfacl -x surfuser /bin/smime
setfacl -x surfuser /bin/shlibsign
setfacl -x surfuser /bin/sign*
setfacl -x surfuser /bin/ssltap*
setfacl -m u:surfuser:--x /home/surfuser
setfacl -m u:toranonym:- /home/surfuser
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /usr/local
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /opt
setfacl -m u:surfuser:--x /lib64
setfacl -m u:surfuser:--x /usr/lib64
setfacl -m u:surfuser:--x /lib
setfacl -m u:surfuser:--x /usr/lib
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /misc
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /net
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /sid-root
setfacl -m u:surfuser:--x /etc
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /intel-ucode
setfacl -m u:surfuser:--x /secoff
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /smack
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /srv
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /--tcp-port
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /initrd
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /ttf
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /none
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /doc
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /firejail
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /root
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /usr/lib64/kde4/*
setfacl -x surfuser /usr/lib64/kde4/libexec
setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /usr/lib64/kde4/libexec/*
setfacl -x surfuser /usr/lib64/kde4/libexec/kdesu*
return
}

case "$1" in start)
start
;;
*)
gprintf "Usage: %s {start|stop|restart|status} " "$LINFW3_PRG"
exit 1
esac

exit $RETVAL

Notice: toranonym is our elder account for tor. Now it´s surfuser too - as general for browsing, but can be used for more privilidges, for many, many processes like for chats or global mapping like marble. surfuser only is enough - just reset belonging setfacl process by process to allow by option -x
Exchange $ again with the dollar-character... and start it each boot within /etc/rc.local by the command "sh /etc/init.d/dosetfacls start" !


Change File Attributes (chattr) for example for data integrity ( option -i )
man chattr
User-Extended-Attributes must be set for the belonging partitions!
Also notice the many configuration files in the home-directory, that might get changed by you or automatically. We would resign from "chattr +i" upon them.

chattr +i -R /boot
chattr +i /etc/hosts* # Neben Root-Eigentumsrechten wichtiger Schutz vor Server-Pharming
chattr +i /etc/fstab
chattr +i /home/surfuser/.mozilla
chattr +i /home/surfuser/.mozilla/firefox/*.js
chattr +i /home/surfuser/.mozilla/firefox/profile.default/user.js
chattr +i /home/surfuser/torrc
chattr +i /home/surfuser/geoip* chattr +i -R /home/user/.*
chattr +i -R /home/user/*
chattr -i -R /home/user/.dbus
chattr -i /home/user/.cache
chattr -i -R /home/user/.gnupg
chattr -i -R /home/user/.pulse*
chattr -i /home/user/.screenrc*
chattr -i /home/user/.esd_auth*
chattr -i /home/user/.Xauthority*
chattr -i /home/user/.Xdefaults*
chattr -i /home/user/.xsession*
chattr -i -R /home/user/.gconf*
chattr -i -R /home/user/.local*
chattr -i -R /home/user/.mcop*
chattr -i -R /home/user/.qt*
chattr -i -R /home/user/.kde*
chattr -i -R /home/user/.wine*
chattr -i -R /home/.MANY_GAMES_CONFIGS
chattr -i -R /home/user/.config*

... und create as described further above the belonging two runlevel-init-scripts (daemons) in /etc/init.d namens rc.local and dosetfacl.
Register those two scripts and active them by default in higher runlevels:

chkconfig --add rc.local && chkconfig --add dosetfacl

Advantage: regardless from packet-installations, significant ACL-access-rights were set each system boot. This keeps the system secure and makes it mouse-click-fast.

Additionally, the grsecurity-patches for the kernel (resp. root-kernel-processes), login-lock /sbin/nologin and password-protection and locking of all system- and user-accounts excecpt surfuser (and maybe a separate toruser), Sandbox Firejail (especially for the lock of the shells/terminals) and Firewall Linfw3 get in use too, beneath Tor resp. the tor-browser with firefox-extensions for script-filtering like ABP, noscript and RequestPolicyBlockContinued and more get in use too.

Set setfacl -m u:surfuser:- /usr/bin/* except for /usr/bin/bash, /usr/bin/firefox, /usr/bin/firejail, /usr/bin/sg, /usr/bin/proftp*, /usr/bin/tor*, /usr/bin/export, /usr/bin/xauth*, /usr/bin/xarg* and all communication programs, surfuser should be able to use.

rsyslog anstelle syslogd
Rsyslog is an enhanced multi-threaded syslogd supporting, among others, MySQL, PostgreSQL, syslog/tcp, RFC 3195, permitted sender lists, filtering on any message part, and fine grain output format control. It is quite compatible to stock sysklogd and can be used as a drop-in replacement. Its advanced features make it suitable for enterprise-class, encryption protected syslog relay chains while at the same time being very easy to setup for the novice user. o lmnet.so - Implementation of network related stuff. o lmregexp.so - Implementation of regexp related stuff. o lmtcpclt.so - This is the implementation of TCP-based syslog clients. o lmtcpsrv.so - Common code for plain TCP based servers. o imtcp.so - This is the implementation of the TCP input module. o imudp.so - This is the implementation of the UDP input module. o imuxsock.so - This is the implementation of the Unix sockets input module. o imklog.so - The kernel log input module for Linux. o immark.so - This is the implementation of the build-in mark message input module. o imfile.so - This is the input module for reading text file data.

You have to delete all *syslog*-init-script-files out of /etc/rc*.d/ and /etc/init.d/ .

/etc/rsyslog.conf
# rsyslog v5 configuration file
# For more information see /usr/share/doc/rsyslog-*/rsyslog_conf.html
# If you experience problems, see http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/troubleshoot.html
#### MODULES ####

DollarsignModLoad imuxsock # provides support for local system logging (e.g. via logger command)
Dollarsignimklog # provides kernel logging support (previously done by rklogd)
#DollarsignModLoad immark # provides --MARK-- message capability
# Provides UDP syslog reception
#$ModLoad imudp
#$UDPServerRun 514
# Provides TCP syslog reception
#$ModLoad imtcp
#$InputTCPServerRun 514
#### GLOBAL DIRECTIVES ####
# Use default timestamp format
$ActionFileDefaultTemplate RSYSLOG_TraditionalFileFormat
# File syncing capability is disabled by default. This feature is usually not required,
# not useful and an extreme performance hit
#$ActionFileEnableSync on
# Include all config files in /etc/rsyslog.d/
$IncludeConfig /etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf
#### RULES ####
# Log all kernel messages to the console.
# Logging much else clutters up the screen.
#kern.* /dev/console
# Log anything (except mail) of level info or higher.
# Don´t log private authentication messages!
*.warn;mail.none;news.none;authpriv.none;cron.none /tmp/messages
# The authpriv file has restricted access.
authpriv.* /tmp/secure
# Log all the mail messages in one place.
mail.* -/tmp/maillog
# Log cron stuff
cron.* /tmp/cron
# Everybody gets emergency messages
*.emerg *
# Save news errors of level crit and higher in a special file.
uucp,news.crit /tmp/spooler
# Save boot messages also to boot.log
local7.* /tmp/boot.log
# ### begin forwarding rule ###
# The statement between the begin ... end define a SINGLE forwarding
# rule. They belong together, do NOT split them. If you create multiple
# forwarding rules, duplicate the whole block!
# Remote Logging (we use TCP for reliable delivery)
#
# An on-disk queue is created for this action. If the remote host is
# down, messages are spooled to disk and sent when it is up again.
#$WorkDirectory /var/lib/rsyslog # where to place spool files
#$ActionQueueFileName fwdRule1 # unique name prefix for spool files
#$ActionQueueMaxDiskSpace 1g # 1gb space limit (use as much as possible)
#$ActionQueueSaveOnShutdown on # save messages to disk on shutdown
#$ActionQueueType LinkedList # run asynchronously
#$ActionResumeRetryCount -1 # infinite retries if host is down
# remote host is: name/ip:port, e.g. 192.168.0.1:514, port optional
#*.* @@remote-host:514
# ### end of the forwarding rule ###
#
# INN
#
news.=crit /tmp/news/news.crit
news.=err /tmp/news/news.err
news.notice /tmp/news/news.notice
news.=debug /tmp/news/news.debug

/proc/sys/* - Kernel-flags &Co.: detailed configuration
sysctl.conf - variables are files out of /proc/sys
check settings by "sysctl -a"
# Kernel sysctl configuration file
# /etc/sysctl.conf
# sysctl settings are defined through files in
# /usr/lib/sysctl.d/, /run/sysctl.d/, and /etc/sysctl.d/.
#
# Vendors settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/.
# To override a whole file, create a new file with the same in
# /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there. To override
# only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later
# name in /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there.
#
# For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5).
# Kernel sysctl configuration file for CentOS and Mandriva Linux
#
# For binary values, 0 is disabled, 1 is enabled. See sysctl(8) and
# sysctl.conf(5) for more details.
# /etc/sysctl.conf
# additionally from http://joshrendek.com/2013/01/securing-ubuntu/ resp. http://www.nsa.gov/ia/_files/os/redhat/rhel5-guide-i731.pdf
# Turn on execshild
# kernel.exec-shield = 1
# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel
kernel.sysrq =0
net.ipv6.conf.lo.use_tempaddr = 0
# Disables IP dynaddr
net.ipv4.ip_dynaddr = 1
# Disable ECN
net.ipv4.tcp_ecn = 1
# Controls source route verification
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter =1
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=cubic
# Do not accept source routing
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel
kernel.sysrq =0
# kernel.modules_disabled=0
# kernel.exec-shield=1
# Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename.
# Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.
kernel.core_uses_pid = 0
# If the kptr_restrict value is 0, kernel addresses are provided without limitations (recommended).
# If the kptr_restict value is 1, addresses are provided if the current user has a CAP_SYSLOG
# capability.
# If the kptr_restrict value is 2, the kernel addresses are hidden regardless of privileges the
# current user has.

kernel.kptr_restrict=2
kernel.dmesg_restrict = 1
# kernel.yama.ptrace_scope=3
# If you set this variable to 1 then cd tray will close automatically when the
# cd drive is being accessed.
# Setting this to 1 is not advised when supermount is enabled
# (as it has been known to cause problems)
dev.cdrom.autoclose=1
dev.cdrom.autoeject=1
# removed to fix some digital extraction problems
# dev.cdrom.check_media=1
# to be able to eject via the device eject button (magicdev)
dev.cdrom.lock=0

# Disable netfilter on bridges.
#net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 0
#net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 0
#net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 0
net.ipv4.ip_forward =0
# Do not send ICMP redirects (we are not a router)
net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog =512
# Do not accept IP source route packets (we are not a router)
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.shared_media = 0
net.ipv4.conf.eth0.secure_redirects=1
net.ipv4.conf.eth0.shared_media=0

​# Increase system IP port limits
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 2000 65000
# Increase TCP max buffer size setable using setsockopt()
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 8388608
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 87380 8388608
net.ipv6.conf.eth0.disable_ipv6=1
net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1
net.ipv6.conf.default.router_solicitations=0
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_rtr_pref=0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_pinfo=0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_defrtr=0
net.ipv6.conf.default.autoconf=0
net.ipv6.conf.default.dad_transmits=0
net.ipv6.conf.default.max_addresses=0
#
# ls /lib/modules/´uname -r´/kernel/net/ipv4/
# modprobe tcp_htcp
# modprobe tcp_cubic
# modprobe tcp_bbr
# net.core.default_qdisc=sch_fq_codel
net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=cubic
# BBR

# net.core.default_qdisc=fq
# net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=bbr

# Increase Linux auto tuning TCP buffer limits
# min, default, and max number of bytes to use
# set max to at least 4MB, or higher if you use very high BDP paths
net.core.somaxconn=65535
net.core.optmem_max=25165824
net.core.rmem_max =212992
net.core.wmem_max =212992
net.core.rmem_default =212992
net.core.wmem_default =212992
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 1000
#
kernel.sysrq = 0
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
# Optimization for port usefor LBs
# Increase system file descriptor limit
fs.file-max=65535
fs.protected_hardlinks=1
fs.protected_symlinks=1
fs.protected_regular=1
# fs.protected_fifos=1 # this might cause overflow of processes akonadi_maildir: system runs out of capacities
# fs.dir-notify-enable=0
# fs.mount-max=20
fs.suid_dumpable=0
# The kernel allocates aio memory on demand, and this number limits the
# number of parallel aio requests; the only drawback of a larger limit is
# that a malicious guest could issue parallel requests to cause the kernel
# to set aside memory. Set this number at least as large as
# 128 * (number of virtual disks on the host)
# Libvirt uses a default of 1M requests to allow 8k disks, with at most
# 64M of kernel memory if all disks hit an aio request at the same time.
# fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
# Allow for more PIDs (to reduce rollover problems); may break some programs 32768
kernel.pid_max=65536
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
kernel.msgmnb = 65536
kernel.msgmax = 65536
kernel.shmmax = 3294967295
kernel.shmall = 3294967295
kernel.randomize_va_space = 2

net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout =3600
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time =7200
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes =7
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries =6
net.ipv4.tcp_retries1 =1
net.ipv4.tcp_retries2 =3
net.ipv4.tcp_retrans_collapse =1
net.ipv4.tcp_sack =1
net.ipv4.ip_default_ttl =64
net.ipv4.ipfrag_time =30
net.ipv4.ip_no_pmtu_disc =0
net.unix.max_dgram_qlen =10
vm.overcommit_memory =2
vm.overcommit_ratio=200
# or: vm.overcommit_kbytes=
vm.page-cluster =3
vm.oom_dump_tasks =0
vm.dirty_ratio=20
vm.dirty_writeback_centisecs=500
vm.dirty_background_ratio=5

kernel.ctrl-alt-del =1
kernel.panic =0
kernel.acct =4 2 30
# Uncomment the following to stop low-level messages on console
#kernel.printk = 3 4 1 3
kernel.printk =0 6 1 3
kernel.printk_ratelimit = 5 # period to wait in seconds
kernel.printk_ratelimit_burst = 60 # max. amount same time
kernel.shmall =-1
# If the kptr_restrict value is 0, kernel addresses are provided without limitations (recommended).
# If the kptr_restict value is 1, addresses are provided if the current user has a CAP_SYSLOG capability.
# If the kptr_restrict value is 2, the kernel addresses are hidden regardless of privileges the current user has.
kernel.kptr_restrict=2
# ptrace: process tracing
# kernel.yama.ptrace_scope=3
dev.raid.speed_limit_min =1000
dev.raid.speed_limit_max =200000
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=1
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling=1
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps=0
net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians=1
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all=1
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts=1
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses=1
net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=cubic
net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects=1
net.ipv4.conf.all.shared_media=0
net.ipv4.conf.eth0.secure_redirects=1
net.ipv4.conf.eth0.shared_media=0

# The kernel allocates aio memory on demand, and this number limits the
# number of parallel aio requests; the only drawback of a larger limit is
# that a malicious guest could issue parallel requests to cause the kernel
# to set aside memory. Set this number at least as large as
# 128 * (number of virtual disks on the host)
# Libvirt uses a default of 1M requests to allow 8k disks, with at most
# 64M of kernel memory if all disks hit an aio request at the same time.
# fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576

http://www.linux-admins.net/2010/09/all-you-need-to-know-about-procsys.html
Example for ulimit, ulimit -a and sysctl -a, https://forum.altlinux.org/index.php?topic=4786.0

Link

ln -sf /usr/sbin/sysctl /sbin/sysctl

Test sysctl.conf: sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf and activate an error-free sysctl by daemon or in /etc/rc.local

sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.config

Disable Unwanted SUID- and SGID-Binaries
All SUID/SGID bits enabled file can be misused when the SUID/SGID executable has a security problem or bug. All local or remote user can use such file. It is a good idea to find all such files. Use the find command as follows:
#See all set user id files:
find / -perm +4000
# See all group id files
find / -perm +2000
# Or combine both in a single command
find / ( -perm -4000 -o -perm -2000 ) -print
find / -path -prune -o -type f -perm +6000 -ls

You need to investigate each reported file. See reported file man page for further details.
https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-security.html

How to Remove (Delete) Symbolic Links in Linux, linuxize.com, 09.05.2019
A symbolic link, also known as a symlink, is a special type of file that points to another file or directory. It is something like a shortcut in Windows. A symlink can point to a file or a directory on the same or a different filesystem or partition.
In this guide, we will show you how to remove (delete) symbolic links in Linux/UNIX systems using the rm, unlink, and find commands.
...
find /path/to/directory -maxdepth 1 -xtype l
https://linuxize.com/post/how-to-remove-symbolic-links-in-linux/


Safe-Linking: Making Linux exploitation harder, itweb.co.za, 05.22.2020
Businesses and users alike are constantly on the lookout for easier ways to do things, and shortcuts that help us work faster and with less effort. Unfortunately, bad actors are no different, and are always hunting for existing vulnerabilities or weaknesses, that can be exploited.
[...] A good example of this would be memory corruption attacks, which are often employed to exploit programs written in Linux, the most widely-used open source operating system in the world.
With this in mind, Check Point has created Safe-Linking, a security mechanism to protect the internal structure of the heap - or the portion of memory that is not set to a constant size before compilation and can be controlled dynamically by a programmer - from being tampered with.
[...] Simply put, Safe-Linking removes the address data for the program, so the bad actor can no longer be sure where in the system´s memory it will be loaded - making it much harder for them to launch an exploit against the program,” the company adds.
https://www.itweb.co.za/content/Kjlyrvw1ejVMk6am
https://reportcybercrime.com/safe-linking-making-linux-exploitation-harder/

Check Point schließt 20 Jahre alte Sicherheitslücke in Linux, trojaner-info.de, 26.05.2020
Das Check Point Research Team führt eine neue Schutzmaßnahme für das Betriebssystem ein, die sich Safe-Linking nennt. Uralte Schwachstelle endlich geschlossen.
Das Check Point Research Team führt eine neue Sicherheitsmethode ein, um Linux-Systeme um einiges sicherer zu machen. Den Sicherheitsforschern gelang es, eine 20 Jahre alte und bestens bekannte Sicherheitslücke endlich zu schließen.
https://www.trojaner-info.de/sicher-anonym-im-internet/aktuelles/check-point-schliesst-20-jahre-alte-sicherheitsluecke-in-linux.html

[...] In our latest research, we created a security mechanism, called "Safe-Linking", to protect malloc()´s single-linked lists from tampering by an attacker. We successfully pitched our approach to maintainers of core open-source libraries, and it is now integrated into the most common standard library implementation: glibc (Linux) and its popular embedded counterpart: uClibc-NG.
https://www.terabitweb.com/2020/05/21/safe-linking-eliminating-a-20-year-old-malloc-exploit-primitive/

User auditing - The Big Brother is watching you
If you are really paranoid you might want to add a system-wide configuration to audit, what the users are doing in your system. This sections presents some tips using diverse utilities you can use.

- Input and output audit with script, 4.11.10.1
- Using the shell history file, 4.11.10.2
- Complete user audit with accounting utilities, 4.11.10.3
- Other user auditing methods, 4.11.10.4
- Reviewing user profiles, 4.11.11
- Limiting what users can see/access, 4.11.13
- Limiting access to other user´s information, 4.11.13.1
- Generating user passwords, 4.11.14
- Checking user passwords

kauditd and auditd: Linux Audit Kernel Subsystem and Linux Audit System
Who does audit the code?
kauditd: internal kernel-auditing, for example of windows-titles out of Firefox online.


Kernel-interner audit-Daemon kauditd: URL, Webseiten-Inhalte: Fentstertitel, ... (online mit Browsern wie Firefox)


"00:00:12 [kauditd] dbadmin 4182 1 4182 0 1 May18 00:02:19 /opt/vertica/spread/sbin/spread -c /home/dbadmin/DatabaseName/v_DatabaseName_node0001_catalog/spread.conf..."
https://forum.vertica.com/discussion/236239/vertica-service-not-starting-after-server-reboot

kauditd is a kernel process, which is a part of the Linux kernel responsible for the kernel audit events (and communicates with the auditd process). The special brackets surrounding it are telling you that this is not a regular (userland) process (launched through a command), but a kernel process (started/managed by the Linux kernel itself)
https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/SELinux/Tutorials/The_security_context_of_a_process
The auditd is provided for system auditing. It is responsible for writing audit records to the disk. During startup, the rules in /etc/audit.rules are read by this daemon. You can open /etc/audit.rules file and make changes such as setup audit file log location and other option. With auditd you can answers the following questions:

System startup and shutdown events (reboot / halt).
Date and time of the event.
User respoisble for the event (suh as trying to access /path/to/topsecret.dat file).
Type of event (edit, access, delete, write, update file &commands).
Success or failure of the event.
Records events that modify date and time.
Find out who made changes to modify the system´s network settings.
Record events that modify user/group information.
See who made changes to a file etc.

See our quick tutorial which explains enabling and using the auditd service.
https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-security.html

kauditd und auditd: Kernel- und Linux Audit System
Who does audit the audit code?

How to use Auditing System in Linux - Configure, Audit Logs and ...
Well, the Linux Auditing system is the answer for all the above questions. The Linux Auditing system allows an administrator to configure audit rules to monitor the system calls, network access, files etc…and generate a summary report - which can be later analyzed and investigated for suspicious activity.
https://techglimpse.com/how-to-use-auditing-system-in-linux-configure-audit-logs-and-generate-reports/

See our quick tutorial which explains enabling and using the auditd service.
https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-security.html

Router: Howto detect instrusive attempts within the Fritzbox-menu, PC-WELT.de, 04.19.2021
https://www.pcwelt.de/tipps/Einbruchsversuche-in-Fritzbox-Menue-aufdecken-11007603.html

The Linux audit subsystem is not one of the best-loved parts of the kernel. It allows the creation of a log stream documenting specific system events — system calls, modifications to specific files, actions by processes with certain user IDs, etc. For some, it is an ideal way to get a handle on what is being done on the system and, in particular, to satisfy various requirements for security certifications (Common Criteria, for example). For others, it is an ugly and invasive addition to the kernel that adds maintenance and runtime overhead without adding useful functionality. More recently, though, it seems that audit adds some security holes of its own. But the real problem, perhaps, is that almost nobody actually looks at this code, so bugs can lurk for a long time.
The system call auditing mechanism creates audit log entries in response to system calls; the system administrator can load rules specifying which system calls are to be logged. These rules can include various tests on system call parameters, but there is also a simple bitmask, indexed by system call number, specifying which calls might be of interest. One of the first things done by the audit code is to check the appropriate bit for the current system call to see if it is set; if it is not, there is no auditing work to be done.
[...] In summary, the code is a giant mess. The way it works is nearly incomprehensible. It contains at least one severe bug. I´d love to see it fixed, but for now, distributions seem to think that enabling CONFIG_AUDITSYSCALL is a reasonable thing to do, and I´d argue that it´s actually a terrible choice for anyone who doesn´t actually need syscall audit rules. And I don´t know who needs these things.

It is telling, though, that this particular vulnerability has existed in the audit subsystem almost since its inception. The audit code receives little in the way of review; most kernel developers simply turn it off for their own kernels and look the other way. But this subsystem is just the sort of thing that distributors are almost required to enable in their kernels; some users will want it, so they have to turn it on for everybody. As a result, almost all systems out there have audit enabled (look for a running kauditd thread), even though few of them are using it. These systems take a performance penalty just for having audit enabled, and they are vulnerable to any issues that may be found in the audit code.
If audit were to be implemented today, the developer involved would have to give some serious thought, at least, to using the tracing mechanism. It already has hooks applied in all of the right places, but those hooks have (almost) zero overhead when they are not enabled. Tracing has its own filtering mechanism built in; the addition of BPF-based filters will make that feature more capable and faster as well. In a sense, the audit subsystem contains yet another kernel-based virtual machine that makes decisions about which events to log; using the tracing infrastructure would allow the removal of that code and a consolidation to a single virtual machine that is more widely maintained and reviewed.
The audit system we have, though, predates the tracing subsystem, so it could not have been based on tracing. Replacing it without breaking users would not be a trivial job, even in the absence of snags that have been glossed over in the above paragraph (and such snags certainly exist). So we are likely stuck with the current audit subsystem (which will certainly not be marked "broken" in the mainline kernel) for the foreseeable future. Hopefully it will receive some auditing of its own just in case there are more old surprises lurking therein.
Posted May 30, 2014 6:50 UTC (Fri) by bnorris (subscriber, #92090) [Link]
&g; As a result, almost all systems out there have audit enabled

$ grep CONFIG_AUDIT /boot/config-´uname -r´
CONFIG_AUDIT_ARCH=y
CONFIG_AUDIT=y
CONFIG_AUDITSYSCALL=y
CONFIG_AUDIT_WATCH=y
CONFIG_AUDIT_TREE=y

( You might want to comment them in ... )

> (look for a running kauditd thread)
None here.
&g; even though few of them are using it. These systems take a performance penalty just for having audit enabled, and they are vulnerable to any issues that may be found in the audit code.
I´m not an expert on the kaudit subsystem (in fact, I just learned of it), but it looks like kauditd is only spawned in response to a user-space request for it (e.g. from SELinux auditd). See kernel/audit.c:...
https://lwn.net/Articles/600568/ man auditd
man auditd.conf

Disable auditd temporarily (this will disable logging instantly but will not survive a reboot):


auditctl -e0 # for example within /etc/rc.local

Disable auditd permanently (this will require a reboot):

systemctl disable auditd

http://kb.ictbanking.net/article.php?id=632

kauditd - CentOS | Forum
kauditd. General support questions including new installations. How to disable kauditd? I tried to put audit=0 to the kernel line in grub, but no luck....
www.centos.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=10899

kauditd might care for connection even with SELinux from NSA. So why did he had no luck with it? Boot-parameter "audit=0" (for grub: within /boot/grub/menu.lst) does prevent from kernel audit named kauditd ever starting: no auditing like firefox by the kernel anymore!

Disable the OOM Killer (process oom_reaper), The Ubuntu Forum Community, Ubuntu Specialised Support, January 2nd, 2014
As the title suggests, regardless of the repercussions, how do you disable this "feature".
Please do not provide alternate suggestions such as "get more ram" or "tell the program to use less memory".
I´m running a Minecraft server that has its heap space and permgen configured to use nearly all of the available memory on the vps where it resides. I have a highly specific reason for doing this and no, it has never caused me any problems in the past.

Yes the OOM Killer is killing the process see: OOM killed process 659 (java) vm:4973220kB, rss:2066504kB, swap:0kB
Who ever thought killing processes that are consuming beyond a specific amount of memory was a good idea, you have caused me and, the users of my server immeasurable levels of frustration. I am no Linux guru, so any help would be appreciated so long as that help reads "To disable the oom-killer do X".
Thank you in advance.

Re: Disable the OOM Killer http://thetechnick.blogspot.com/2010...-on-linux.html http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/ar...r-1911807.html The OOM killer can be completely disabled with the following command. This is not recommended for production environments, because if an out-of-memory condition does present itself, there could be unexpected behavior depending on the available system resources and configuration. This unexpected behavior could be anything from a kernel panic to a hang depending on the resources available to the kernel at the time of the OOM condition.

sysctl vm.overcommit_memory=2 # mouseclick-fast echo "vm.overcommit_memory=2" >> /etc/sysctl.conf

[...] Re: Disable the OOM Killer
Hi, Psionic,
I was having the same difficulties. You report that the oom-killer is still killing your process, I suggest either properly fully disabling the oom-killer or lowering the overcommit ratio, as follows:

Disabling OOM Killer
According to: https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documenta...ups/memory.txt
Code:

You can disable the OOM-killer by writing "1" to memory.oom_control file, as:

# echo 1 > memory.oom_control # (unknown variable by sysctl, remark, Gooken)

Reducing Overcommit Ratio
According to https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documenta...mit-accounting
Code:

2 - Don´t overcommit. The total address space commit for the system is not permitted to exceed swap + a configurable amount (default is 50%) of physical RAM.
Depending on the amount you use, in most situations this means a process will not be killed while accessing pages but will receive errors on memory allocation as appropriate.
Useful for applications that want to guarantee their memory allocations will be available in the future without having to initialize every page.
The overcommit policy is set via the sysctl ´vm.overcommit_memory´.
The overcommit amount can be set via ´vm.overcommit_ratio´ (percentage) or ´vm.overcommit_kbytes´ (absolute value).
There´s a rather good article on this topic http://www.linuxdevcenter.com/pub/a/...ry.html?page=1
Of course, in general if you´re getting processes killed it means there´s a problem with using more memory than the system can cope with, and the symptoms are very likely to come out somewhere else. In my case the oom-killer was definitely picking the right process, even though it was the primary purpose of the whole computer: the program had a data-dependent bug and was allocating memory out of control.
I hope that helps.
Kind regards,
...
https://serverfault.com/questions/606185/how-does-vm-overcommit-memory-work

More about oom_reaper
ttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/35791416/how-to-disable-the-oom-killer-in-linux
https://lwn.net/Articles/666024/
https://lwn.net/Articles/668126/
https://code.woboq.org/linux/linux/mm/oom_kill.c.html
https://www.oracle.com/technical-resources/articles/it-infrastructure/dev-oom-killer.html
https://superuser.com/q/1150215
https://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=2197016
https://askubuntu.com/q/1188024
https://unix.stackexchange.com/q/432171
https://blog.csdn.net/s_lisheng/article/details/82192613

rtkit-daemon (rpm rtkit)
Description: "RealtimeKit is a D-Bus system service that changes the scheduling policy of user processes/threads to SCHED_RR (i.e. realtime scheduling mode) on request. It is intended to be used as a secure mechanism to allow real-time scheduling to be used by normal user processes.".
https://fr2.rpmfind.net/
"I´s...a management daemon so to say. Instead of applications asking the kernel directly (and needing proper permissions for this, usually root) they ask the daemon. The daemon can hand out the realtime permissions then according it its configuration (/etc/dbus-1/system.d/org.freedesktop.RealtimeKit1.conf). It´s simply a helper process that allows applications to ask for realtime permissions through dbus...not really much more. But having such a helper process makes the whole procedure much more secure (no suid root needed for some programs), cleaner (dbus interface) and more flexible (one daemon to configure, not each program with an own configuration..if at all)."

For rtkit isn´t almost needed, as we got told in the internet above, and there are no real dependencies from it, it´ might not be a bad idea to deinstall it:

"rpm -e --nodeps rtkit"

... same eventually with Packagekit (el6), gvfsd (gvfs (el6) and so on: just deinstall them! The less (not really needed daemons do run under root, the more secure the system might behave...

netns, migration/0, kintgerityd, oom_reaper, ... ( one of them lists the actual website-title!)
Kernel-daemons almost can´t get deactivated manually! This might be possible by removing some (not needed) kernel-modules by rmmod, delmod or kernel-configuration only (within file .config).

netns
Running strongSwan in Network Namespaces (netns) on Linux
Normally, the network stack (interfaces, routing tables, firewall rules etc.) is shared by all processes running on an operating system. With Linux network namespaces (netns) it´s possible to have multiple separate instances of the network stack.
Note: While basic support for network namespaces was added to the Linux kernel a long time ago, some features (e.g. CLUSTERIP support) might require a recent kernel.
The easiest way to work with network namespaces is to use the ip command of the iproute2 package. These commands will have to be executed as root (i.e. with sudo on most distros).
Network Namespace Basics
To create a new netns use the following command:

# ip netns add <network namespace name>

A list of all currently defined netns is provided by ip netns list.

Interfaces can be assigned to a netns with the ip link command:

# ip link set <interface name netns <netns name>

If you run ip link list afterwards such an interface won´t be seen as it is only available in the configured netns.

So to actually list the interface in a specific netns it´s required to be able to run commands in a specific netns. This can be done with the ip netns exec command. So to get a list of interfaces defined in a specific netns use:

# ip netns exec <netns name> ip link list

If only one physical interface is available, or if you don´t want to assign physical interfaces to the netns for other reasons, it´s possible to create virtual Ethernet interface pairs (veth, provided via CONFIG_VETH). These are like a bi-directional pipe (i.e. what´s written to one end comes out the other and vice-versa) of which one end is placed inside the netns and the other stays outside in the "default" or "global" namespace.

To create such a pair use:

# ip link add <interface name 1> type veth peer name <interface name 2>

This creates two connected Enthernet interfaces with the given names. One is assigned to a netns (via ip link) the other is not (it doesn´t matter which one and it´s also possible to assign both interfaces to two different netns to connect them). How the outer interface is used depends on the use case, it may be put inside a bridge, or used in routing rules to route traffic to and from a netns.

Since interfaces assigned to a netns are disabled they have to be enabled first, and they will probably also require an IP address, which can be done with:

# ip netns exec <netns name> ip addr add x.x.x.x/x dev <iface name>
# ip netns exec <netns name> ip link set dev <iface name> up

Similar to these commands routes or firewall rules may be added by running ip route or iptables inside a specific netns via ip netns exec <command.

Running a single instance of strongSwan inside a netns is straight-forward. Simply run ipsec commands via ip netns exec ipsec <command>.
But more interesting is probably running multiple instances of strongSwan in separate namespaces. Because all netns share the same file system this is a bit tricky.
Luckily, the ip netns exec command provides a helpful feature: Every file found in /etc/netns/<name>/ for a given netns is bind mounted over its corresponding counterpart in /etc (so it has to exist there). This can be used to provide different config files for each instance, but may also be used to redirect the so called piddir, where the charon and starter daemons create their PID files and UNIX sockets (the default is to use /var/run, which would conflict if multiple instances would use it).
To do so make sure strongSwan is configured with --sysconfdir=/etc and e.g. --with-piddir=/etc/ipsec.d/run. Then after building and installing strongSwan the piddirs can be created as follows:

# mkdir -p /etc/ipsec.d/run
# mkdir -p /etc/netns/<netns name 1>/ipsec.d/run
# mkdir -p /etc/netns/<netns name 2>/ipsec.d/run
https://wiki.strongswan.org/projects/strongswan/wiki/Netns

StrongSwan is an OpenSource IPsec-based VPN Solution for Linux * runs both on Linux 2.4 (KLIPS IPsec) and Linux 2.6 (NETKEY IPsec) kernels * implements both the IKEv1 and IKEv2 (RFC 4306) key exchange protocols * Fully tested support of IPv6 IPsec tunnel and transport connections * Dynamical IP address and interface update with IKEv2 MOBIKE (RFC 4555) * Automatic insertion and deletion of IPsec-policy-based firewall rules * Strong 128/192/256 bit AES or Camellia encryption, 3DES support * NAT-Traversal via UDP encapsulation and port floating (RFC 3947) * Dead Peer Detection (DPD, RFC 3706) takes care of dangling tunnels * Static virtual IPs and IKEv1 ModeConfig pull and push modes * XAUTH server and client functionality on top of IKEv1 Main Mode authentication * Virtual IP address pool managed by IKE daemon or SQL database * Secure IKEv2 EAP user authentication (EAP-SIM, EAP-AKA, EAP-MSCHAPv2, etc.) * Optional relaying of EAP messages to AAA server via EAP-RADIUS plugin * Support of IKEv2 Multiple Authentication Exchanges (RFC 4739) * Authentication based on X.509 certificates or preshared keys * Generation of a default self-signed certificate during first strongSwan startup * Retrieval and local caching of Certificate Revocation Lists via HTTP or LDAP * Full support of the Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP, RCF 2560). * CA management (OCSP and CRL URIs, default LDAP server) * Powerful IPsec policies based on wildcards or intermediate CAs * Group policies based on X.509 attribute certificates (RFC 3281) * Storage of RSA private keys and certificates on a smartcard (PKCS #11 interface) * Modular plugins for crypto algorithms and relational database interfaces * Support of elliptic curve DH groups and ECDSA certificates (Suite B, RFC 4869) * Optional built-in integrity and crypto tests for plugins and libraries * Smooth Linux desktop integration via the strongSwan NetworkManager applet This package triggers the installation of both, IKEv1 and IKEv2 daemons.
https://fr2.rpmfind.net

Block network access of a process, unix.stackexchange.com
It is possible to block the (outgoing) network access of a single process in different ways: by unshare / nsenter, ip-netns, iptables, apparmor and firejail.
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/68956/block-network-access-of-a-process

Notice: We use right above mentioned command "unshare" for starting firejail (for sandboxing firefox (including for example libtrace.so of different file-sizes the versions) by the command "unshare firejail..." etc)., psad (/etc/init.d/psad: prog="unshare psad"), uuidd (/etc/init.d/uuidd with prog="unshare uuidd" and "daemon.... unshare $DAEMON" within the start-function, apparmor-dbus out of /etc/rc.local, messagebus (/etc/init.d/messagebus with processname="unshare dbus-daemon", dbus), gpm (/etc/init.d/gpm with "daemon "unshare /usr/sbin/gpm" -m ... ), cups (/etc/init.d/cups with "daemon "unshare cups" ...), dm (again in /etc/init.d/dm), X (X11, ServerCmd=/usr/bin/unshare /usr/bin/X within (resp., to be more concrete, follow the linking of) /usr/share/config/kdm/kdmrc: enhance the command for execution of X with unshare: "ServerCmd=/usr/bin/unshare /usr/bin/X" and "Willing=/usr/bin/unshare /usr/share/X11/xdm/Xwilling"), kdm (/usr/share/config/kdm/kdmrc with "Preloader=/usr/bin/unshare /usr/bin/preloadkde", haldaemon (/etc/init.d/haldaemon), udevd (in /sbin/start_udev with "else /usr/bin/unshare /sbin/udevd -d ..."), polkitd (/etc/xdg/polkit-gnome-authentification-agent-1.desktop: "exec=unshare /usr/libexec/polkit-gnome-authentication-agent-1" and /etc/xdg-polkit-kde-authentification-agent-1.desktop: "exec=unshare /usr/libexec/polkit-kde-authentification-agent-1 ), konsole and xterm, dolphin, drakconf.real resp. drakconf (MCC), network-ready-games like gl-117, trackballs, extremetuxracer, marsshooter, freedroidrpg, orbital, xonotic etc. in future (do them all just to be careful)! Some kernel-modules like for usblp for USB-printer by unshare (for example in /etc/rc.loca): unshare COMMA-ABOVE-FOR-EXECUTIONmodprobe usblpCOMMA-ABOVE-FOR-EXECUTION, graphic-card (just experimentel): unshare COMMA-ABOVE-FOR-EXECUTIONi915COMMA-ABOVE-FOR-EXECUTION, mainboard (just experimentel!): unshare COMMA-ABOVE-FOR-EXECUTIONlpc_ichCOMMA-ABOVE-FOR-EXECUTION, (less experimentel): unshare COMMA...modprobe videoCOMMA..., but still NOT functioning are those "unshared" ones for internal kernel-processs like kernel-daemon netns (/etc/rc.local): "unshare --net --mount -p pidof netns", oom_reaper (/etc/rc.local): "unshare --net --mount -p pidof oom_reaper", migration/0 (/etc/rc.local): "unshare --net --mount -p pidof migration/0". Also try firejail for a sandboxed network namespace by option net, netfilter, join-network=name|pid and netns, see man firejai, section join-network for good examples also doing fine with Linfw3 (through iptables-restore and iptables-save) or try slirp4netns (OpenSuSE 15.2).

rsyslog (runlevel-init-script /etc/init.d/rsyslog, line with daemon: .daemon --pidfile="$PIDFILE" unshare $exec -i "$PIDFILE&uqot; $SYSLOGD_OPTIONS

... eventually try the same with unshare within /etc/init.d/cups!

Especially hardening the root- and suid-processes by unshare makes the computer secure (as quit all remaining riscs do depend from kernel-processes now) and, as we, believe it or not, really meant having recognized, very mouseclick-fast too!

It couldn´t be easier and more simple to contribute to the highest security level ever: You just have to type "unshare" right before quit each program´t;s and daemon´s (scripts out of /etc/init.d) start, regardless from starting by terminal, out of the menu or by any runlevel-init-script and script !

Always open resp. start programs resp. applications not allowed to communicate in any net with unshare or with adequate options of firejail, even within the terminal, k-menu, context-menu (service-menu), directory desktop, quick starter and quick launcher! Use unshare even for firejail itself, especially whenever firejail got a sandbox for the a browser like firefox: we show the complete resulting command for this case further below!

OK, we show the meant command to start Tor and Firefox bt Firejail through unshare ( unexplaineds ) from further below already right at this place:

sg surfgroup "unshare firejail --nice=19 --profile=/etc/firejail/firefox.profile /usr/lib64/firefox/firefox --no-remote &" && sg surfgroup "unshare firejail --nice=19 --profile=/etc/firejail/palemoon.profile tor -f /home/surfuser/torrc" && export RESOLV_HOST_CONF="/etc/hosts"

watchdogd: How can I disable a watchdog, once it has been enabled?
Normally to shut down the watchdog driver you have to write a ´V´ character to /dev/watchdog which you could do from a root bash prompt just with:

echo ´V´ > /dev/watchdog

However, before you try to create your own watchdog driver take a look at the existing Linux watchdog daemon to see, if it can do the job. A good start is my page here: http://www.sat.dundee.ac.uk/~psc/watchdog/Linux-Watchdog.html
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/144588/how-can-i-disable-a-watchdog-once-it-has-been-enabled Increase kernel integrity with disabled Linux kernel modules loading
Increasing Linux kernel integrity
Disable loading kernel module on Linux systems, linux-audit.com
The Linux kernel can be configured to disallow loading new kernel modules. This feature is especially useful for high secure systems, or if you care about securing your system to the fullest. In this article, we will have a look at the configuration of this option. At the same time allowing legitimate kernel modules to be loaded.
Disable kernel modules
Newer kernel modules have a sysctl variable named kernel.modules_disabled.
Sysctl is the tool which allows you to see and change kernel settings of a running system. The related /etc/sysctl.conf file is used to ensure that your settings are also used at the next boot of the system.
The sysctl key kernel.modules_disabled is very straightforward. If it contains a "1" it will disable loading new modules, where a"0" will still allow loading them.
Using this option will be a great protection against loading malicious kernel modules. For example, it may help to counter rootkits. Needless to say, but when someone was already been able to gain root access, you have a serious problem. Still, setting this security measure can be useful to achieve maximum hardening of your Linux system. An altered script or program has no chance of loading things you didn´t specifically approve.
[...] By default, the sysctl key is set to"0", which means new modules can be loaded. This is a safe default for systems but also allows malicious modules to be loaded.

# sysctl -a | grep modules
kernel.modules_disabled = 0

Now we disable loading new modules, by using the sysctl key and set it to"1". There are two ways of doing it, using sysctl directly or echo the value to a file on the pseudo file system /proc, which holds the kernel settings.

# echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/modules_disabled

Protection against re-enabling
You might think that loading a kernel module is as simple as re-enabling the option and then still load your kernel module. The kernel has a built-in protection, to avoid this from happening. Trying to set the value back to"0" will result in an"invalid argument" message.
Sysctl showing invalid argument when trying to set value
As can be seen, sysctl will say the value is set to"0". However, the value isn´t applied, as this key is read-only. Slightly confusing, and therefore always good to check the value again.

# sysctl kernel.modules_disabled
kernel.modules_disabled = 1

As expected, the value is still set to"1".
Disable module loading after boot time

By configuring the /etc/sysctl.conf file we can disallow the loading of kernel modules at boot time. Simply add the related line, with the value"1" as shown in the example. Caveat: Things might break
Depending on your environment, you might be careful with using this option. It may be working very well on servers, but not on desktop systems. The reason is the type of usage is different, especially when it comes with loading new kernel modules. For example inserting a USB drive, mouse or network functionality might break. So before deploying the option, make sure you test these common use cases.
Hybrid option
Instead of enabling the option directly via /etc/sysctl.conf, it might be better to activate this setting after booting and loading required modules.
Your startup script could be looking like

#!/bin/sh/ # code by Gooken
sleep 45 # original text: 300; decrease this time, if usb and all modules are working fine, if not, test checkout lsmod and increase it
# insmod <module>
# insmod <module>
modprobe usb_storage
modprobe dm_zero
modprobe vfat
modprobe fat
modprobe isofs # DVD/CD/...
modprobe udf # DVD/CD/...
modprobe nls_iso8859_1
modprobe nls_cp437
modprobe glue_helper
modprobe dax
modprobe uinput
modprobe ahci
modprobe libahci
modprobe ecb
modprobe af_alg
modprobe algif_skcipher
modprobe lrw
modprobe cbc
modprobe aes_x86_64 # for USB, that might be LUKS-encrypted
modprobe twofish_common
modprobe twofish_x86_64_3way
modprobe twofish_x86_64
modprobe twofish_generic
echo 1 > /proc/sys/kernel/modules_disabled

Usually to get iptables working, these are the related modules: iptables, x_tables, iptable_filter.
Depending on your Linux distribution, the startup should be loaded as late as possible. If you have /etc/rc.local available, that is usually a safe bet.
Do you use this option already? Or found some other caveats? Like to hear your feedback in the comments.
https://linux-audit.com/increase-kernel-integrity-with-disabled-linux-kernel-modules-loading/

In other words: write the small routine from above into a runlevel-init-script (for example this of /etc/init.d/linfw3 renamed to /etc/init.d/modules-disabled) right into the start function, where it is executed by the command start & (and not just the command "start") in the background. Before this is done, remove all code not needed anymore from this script. Now the script itself is executed not as usual by chkconfig, ntsysv7, the MCC (drakconf) or systemd, but only out of /etc/rc.local by the command "sh /etc/init.d/modules-disabled start".

kernel.printk.* in /etc/sysctl.conf
kernel.printk =0 6 7 0 # The four values in printk denote: console_loglevel, default_message_loglevel, minimum_console_loglevel and default_console_loglevel respectively.
0=emerg, 1=alert, 2=crit, ...
kernel.printk_ratelimit = 5 # period to wait in seconds
kernel.printk_ratelimit_burst = 60 # max. amount same time
https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/13019/description-of-kernel-printk-values

Regelmäßig Logs analysieren
Speichere logs in vorgesehene Log-Server. Damit wird verhindert, dass Eindringlinge auf einfache Art Modifikationen an Log-Dateien vornehmen. Hier noch einmal namentlich die in Linux üblichen Log-Dateien und ihre Verwendung:

/var/log/message - Hier protokolliert mehr oder weniger das gesamte System
/var/log/auth.log - Authentifizierung
/var/log/kern.log - Kernel-Logs.
/var/log/cron.log - Crond-Logs (cron job).
/var/log/maillog - Mailserver-Logs
/var/log/boot.log - System-boot-Log
/var/log/mysqld.log - Logdatei des MySQL-Datenbankservers
/var/log/secure - Authentifizierung
/var/log/utmp oder /var/log/wtmp : Protokolliert die records-Dateien
/var/log/yum.log: Yum-Logdatei
https://www.tecmint.com/linux-server-hardening-security-tips/

Prevent too informative system information in logfiles
The system-log-level reach from debug over info, warning up to emerg. A detailed protocolling is something to think about, they can be read out by users as much as processes. For outputs of dmesg log-level "warning" might restrict delivered protocol-information:

/etc/init.d/rklogd
RKLOGD_OPTIONS="-c 4"

Using and customizing logcheck
The logcheck package in Debian is divided into the three packages logcheck (the main program), logcheck-database (a database of regular expressions for the program) and logtail (prints loglines that have not yet been read). The Debian default (in /etc/cron.d/logcheck) is that logcheck is run every hour and after reboots.
This tool can be quite useful if properly customized to alert the administrator of unusual system events. Logcheck can be fully customized so that it sends mails based on events found in the logs and worthy of attention. The default installation includes profiles for ignored events and policy violations for three different setups (workstation, server and paranoid). The Debian package includes a configuration file /etc/logcheck/logcheck.conf, sourced by the program, that defines which user the checks are sent to. It also provides a way for packages that provide services to implement new policies in the directories: /etc/logcheck/cracking.d/_packagename_, /etc/logcheck/violations.d/_packagename_, /etc/logcheck/violations.ignore.d/_packagename_, /etc/logcheck/ignore.d.paranoid/_packagename_, /etc/logcheck/ignore.d.server/_packagename_, and /etc/logcheck/ignore.d.workstation/_packagename_. However, not many packages currently do so. If you have a policy that can be useful for other users, please send it as a bug report for the appropriate package (as a wishlist bug). For more information read /usr/share/doc/logcheck/README.Debian.
The best way to configure logcheck is to edit its main configuration file /etc/logcheck/logcheck.conf after installation. Change the default user (root) to whom reports should be mailed. You should set the reportlevel in there, too. logcheck-database has three report levels of increasing verbosity: workstation, server, paranoid. "server" being the default level, paranoid is only recommended for high-security machines running as few services as possible and workstation for relatively sheltered, non-critical machines. If you wish to add new log files just add them to /etc/logcheck/logcheck.logfiles. It is tuned for default syslog install.
Once this is done you might want to check the mails that are sent, for the first few days/weeks/months. If you find you are sent messages you do not wish to receive, just add the regular expressions (see regex(7) and egrep(1)) that correspond to these messages to the /etc/logcheck/ignore.d.reportlevel/local. Try to match the whole logline. Details on howto write rules are explained in /usr/share/doc/logcheck-database/README.logcheck-database.gz. It´s an ongoing tuning process; once the messages that are sent are always relevant you can consider the tuning finished. Note that if logcheck does not find anything relevant in your system it will not mail you even if it does run (so you might get a mail only once a week, if you are lucky).

Configure, where alerts are sent
Debian comes with a standard syslog configuration (in /etc/syslog.conf) that logs messages to the appropriate files depending on the system facility. You should be familiar with this; have a look at the syslog.conf file and the documentation if not. If you intend to maintain a secure system you should be aware of where log messages are sent so they do not go unnoticed.
For example, sending messages to the console also is an interesting setup useful for many production-level systems. But for many such systems it is also important to add a new machine that will serve as loghost (i.e. it receives logs from all other systems).
Root´s mail should be considered also, many security controls (like snort) send alerts to root´s mailbox. This mailbox usually points to the first user created in the system (check /etc/aliases). Take care to send root´s mail to some place where it will be read (either locally or remotely).
There are other role accounts and aliases on your system. On a small system, it´s probably simplest to make sure that all such aliases point to the root account, and that mail to root is forwarded to the system administrator´s personal mailbox.

Firefox: Copy the secure libssl*, libnss* and libnspr4* of tor-Browser (ESR) or out of an actual Firefox like 63 to Firefox (ESR, same version as tor-browser) into /usr/lib64/firefox/ followed by chown root:root and chmod 755 upon them.

Protecting against ARP-attacks
When you don´t trust the other boxes on your LAN (which should always be the case, because it´s the safest attitude) you should protect yourself from the various existing ARP attacks.
As you know the ARP protocol is used to link IP addresses to MAC addresses (see RFC826 for all the details). Every time you send a packet to an IP address an ARP resolution is done (first by looking into the local ARP cache then, if the IP isn´t present, in the cache by broadcasting an ARP query) to find the target´s hardware address. All the ARP attacks aim to fool your box into thinking, that box B´s IP address is associated to the intruder´s box´s MAC address; Then every packet that you want to send to the IP associated to box B will be send to the intruder´s box...
Those attacks (ARP cache poisoning, ARP spoofing...) allow the attacker to sniff the traffic even on switched networks, to easily hijack connections, to disconnect any host from the network... ARP attacks are powerful and simple to implement, and several tools exists, such as arpspoof from the dsniff package or arpoison.
However, there is always a solution:

Use a static ARP cache. You can set up "static" entries in your ARP cache with:

arp -s host_name hdwr_addr

By setting static entries for each important host in your network you ensure that nobody will create/modify a (fake) entry for these hosts (static entries don´t expire and can´t be modified) and spoofed ARP replies will be ignored. Detect suspicious ARP traffic. You can use arpwatch, karpski or more general IDS that can also detect suspicious ARP traffic (snort, prelude...).
Implement IP traffic filtering validating the MAC address.

Secure up services running on your system
SSH, Squid, FTP, X-Window-System, Display-Manager, Druckerzugriff, Mail-Dienst, BIND, Apache, Finger, chroot- and suid-paranoia, Cleartext-passwort-paranoia, deactivating NIS, deactivating RPC-services:
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch-sec-services.de.html

Package signing
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch7.de.html

Remote vulnerability assessment tools
The tools provided by Debian to perform remote vulnerability assessment are:

nessus, raccess, nikto (whisker´s replacement)

By far, the most complete and up-to-date tools is nessus which is composed of a client (nessus) used as a GUI and a server (nessusd) which launches the programmed attacks. Nessus includes remote vulnerabilities for quite a number of systems including network appliances, ftp servers, www servers, etc. The latest security plugins are able even to parse a web site and try to discover which interactive pages are available which could be attacked. There are also Java and Win32 clients (not included in Debian) which can be used to contact the management server.

Network scanner tools
Debian does provide some tools used for remote scanning of hosts (but not vulnerability assessment). These tools are, in some cases, used by vulnerability assessment scanners as the first type of "attack" run against remote hosts in an attempt to determine remote services available. Currently Debian provides:

nmap, xprobe, p0f, knocker, isic, hping2, icmpush, nbtscan (for SMB /NetBIOS audits), fragrouter, strobe (in the netdiag package), irpas

While xprobe provide only remote operating system detection (using TCP/IP fingerprinting, nmap and knocker do both operating system detection and port scanning of the remote hosts. On the other hand, hping2 and icmpush can be used for remote ICMP attack techniques.
Designed specifically for SMB networks, nbtscan can be used to scan IP networks and retrieve name information from SMB-enabled servers, including: usernames, network names, MAC addresses...
On the other hand, fragrouter can be used to test network intrusion detection systems and see if the NIDS can be eluded by fragmentation attacks.

Virtual Private Networks
A virtual private network (VPN) is a group of two or more computer systems, typically connected to a private network with limited public network access, that communicate securely over a public network. VPNs may connect a single computer to a private network (client-server), or a remote LAN to a private network (server-server). VPNs often include the use of encryption, strong authentication of remote users or hosts, and methods for hiding the private network´s topology.
Debian provides quite a few packages to set up encrypted virtual private networks:

vtun, tunnelv (non-US section), cipe-source, cipe-common, tinc, secvpn, pptpd, openvpn, openswan (http://www.openswan.org/)

The OpenSWAN package is probably the best choice overall, since it promises to interoperate with almost anything that uses the IP security protocol, IPsec (RFC 2411). However, the other packages listed above can also help you get a secure tunnel up in a hurry. The point to point tunneling protocol (PPTP) is a proprietary Microsoft protocol for VPN. It is supported under Linux, but is known to have serious security issues.
For more information see the VPN-Masquerade HOWTO (covers IPsec and PPTP), VPN HOWTO (covers PPP over SSH), Cipe mini-HOWTO, and PPP and SSH mini-HOWTO.
Also worth checking out is Yavipin, but no Debian packages seem to be available yet.

Reaction in the case of user-idle-state, https://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/OS_Protection
Now that we´ve restricted the login options for the server, lets kick off all the idle folks. To do this, we´re going to use a bash variable in /etc/profile. There are some reasonably trivial ways around this of course, but it´s all about layering the security.

echo "Idle users will be removed after 15 minutes"
echo "readonly TMOUT=900" >> /etc/profile.d/os-security.sh
echo "readonly HISTFILE" >> /etc/profile.d/os-security.sh
chmod +x /etc/profile.d/os-security.sh

Restrictions for cron and at, https://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/OS_Protection
In some cases, administrators may want the root user or other trusted users to be able to run cronjobs or timed scripts with at. In order to lock these down, you will need to create a cron.deny and at.deny file inside /etc with the names of all blocked users. An easy way to do this is to parse /etc/passwd. The script below will do this for you.

echo "Locking down Cron"
touch /etc/cron.allow
chmod 600 /etc/cron.allow
awk -F: ´{print $1}´ /etc/passwd | grep -v root > /etc/cron.deny
echo "Locking down AT"
touch /etc/at.allow
chmod 600 /etc/at.allow
awk -F: ´{print $1}´ /etc/passwd | grep -v root > /etc/at.deny

Lockdown Cronjobs
Cron has it´s own built in feature, where it allows to specify who may, and who may not want to run jobs. This is controlled by the use of files called /etc/cron.allow and /etc/cron.deny. To lock a user using cron, simply add user names in cron.deny and to allow a user to run cron add in cron.allow file. If you would like to disable all users from using cron, add the ´ALL´ line to cron.deny file.

# echo ALL >>/etc/cron.deny
Cron Scheduling Examples in Linux: https://www.tecmint.com/11-cron-scheduling-task-examples-in-linux/
https://www.tecmint.com/linux-server-hardening-security-tips/

Sysctl Security, https://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/OS_Protection
Next we need to have a look inside /etc/sysctl.conf and make some basic changes. If these lines exist, modify them to match below. If they don´t exist, simply add them in. If you have multiple network interfaces on the server, some of these may cause issues. Test these before you put them into production. If you want to know more about any of these options, install the kernel-doc package, and look in Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt

# Kernel sysctl configuration file
# /etc/sysctl.conf
# test with sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf
# additionally from http://joshrendek.com/2013/01/securing-ubuntu/ resp. http://www.nsa.gov/ia/_files/os/redhat/rhel5-guide-i731.pdf # Turn on execshild
# kernel.exec-shield = 1
# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel kernel.sysrq =0 # Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename. # Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications. kernel.core_uses_pid = 0 kernel.dmesg_restrict = 1
kernel.randomize_va_space = 1
kernel.ctrl-alt-del =1
kernel.panic =0
kernel.acct =4 2 30
kernel.printk =4
kernel.shmall =-1
kernel.shmmax =134217728
# Allow for more PIDs (to reduce rollover problems); may break some programs 32768
kernel.pid_max = 65536
kernel.printk_ratelimit = 5 # period to wait in seconds
kernel.printk_ratelimit_burst = 60 # max. amount same time
vm.overcommit_memory=2 # mouseclick-fast
vm.overcommit_ratio=150 # 4 GB RAM + 2 GB SWAP, mouseclick-fast
# or: vm.overcommit_kbytes=
vm.page-cluster =3
vm.oom_dump_tasks =0
dev.raid.speed_limit_min =1000
dev.raid.speed_limit_max =200000
# Optimization for port usefor LBs
# Increase system file descriptor limit
fs.file-max = 65535
#
# For binary values, 0 is disabled, 1 is enabled. See sysctl(8) and
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 1280
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout =3600
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time =7200
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes =7
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries =6
net.ipv4.tcp_retries1 =1
net.ipv4.tcp_retries2 =3
net.ipv4.tcp_retrans_collapse =1
net.ipv4.tcp_sack =1
net.ipv4.ip_default_ttl =64
net.ipv4.ipfrag_time =30
net.ipv4.ip_no_pmtu_disc =0
net.unix.max_dgram_qlen =10
# Increase system IP port limits
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 2000 65000
# Increase TCP max buffer size setable using setsockopt()
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 8388608
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 87380 8388608
net.ipv6.conf.eth0.disable_ipv6=1
# Tune IPv6
net.ipv6.conf.default.router_solicitations = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_rtr_pref = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_pinfo = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_defrtr = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.autoconf = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.dad_transmits = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.max_addresses = 0
# Increase Linux auto tuning TCP buffer limits
# min, default, and max number of bytes to use
# set max to at least 4MB, or higher if you use very high BDP paths
net.core.rmem_max = 8388608
net.core.wmem_max = 8388608
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 5000
# net.core.default_qdisc=sch_fq_codel
net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=cubic
# BBR # net.core.default_qdisc=fq # net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=bbr # If you set this variable to 1 then cd tray will close automatically when the
# cd drive is being accessed.
# Setting this to 1 is not advised when supermount is enabled
# (as it has been known to cause problems)
dev.cdrom.autoclose=1
# removed to fix some digital extraction problems
# dev.cdrom.check_media=1
# to be able to eject via the device eject button (magicdev)
dev.cdrom.lock=0

#
# BBR - Netwerkturbo für Linux
# Die neue Flusskontrolle erscheint aber auch ideal für Server im lokalen Netzwerk, die hin und wieder die Netzwerkbandbreite voll ausschöpfen sollen, etwa bei der Übertragung großer Dateien bei NAS-Geräten, Nextcloud- oder # Streamingservern.
# https://www.pcwelt.de/ratgeber/BBR-Netzwerkturbo-fuer-Linux-im-Ueberblick-10612165.html # net.core.default_qdisc=fq
net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=bbr
# Increase Linux auto tuning TCP buffer limits
# min, default, and max number of bytes to use
# set max to at least 4MB, or higher if you use very high BDP paths
net.core.rmem_max =212992
net.core.wmem_max =212992
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 5000
#
kernel.sysrq = 0
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
fs.file-max=65535
kernel.pid_max=65536
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
kernel.msgmnb = 65536
kernel.msgmax = 65536
kernel.shmmax = 134217728
kernel.shmall = 4294967296
kernel.randomize_va_space = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling=1
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps=0
net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians=1# sysctl.conf(5) for more details.
net.ipv6.conf.lo.use_tempaddr = 0
# Disables IP dynaddr
net.ipv4.ip_dynaddr = 1
# Disable ECN
net.ipv4.tcp_ecn = 1
# Controls source route verification
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter =1
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1

# Do not accept source routing
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel
kernel.sysrq =0

# Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename.
# Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.
kernel.core_uses_pid = 0

kernel.dmesg_restrict = 1
# If you set this variable to 1 then cd tray will close automatically when the
# cd drive is being accessed.
# Setting this to 1 is not advised when supermount is enabled
# (as it has been known to cause problems)
dev.cdrom.autoclose=1
# removed to fix some digital extraction problems
# dev.cdrom.check_media=1

# to be able to eject via the device eject button (magicdev)
dev.cdrom.lock=0

# Disable netfilter on bridges.
#net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 0
#net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 0
#net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 0
net.ipv4.ip_forward =0
net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog =512
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
​
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 2000 65000
# Increase TCP max buffer size setable using setsockopt()
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 8388608
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 87380 8388608
net.ipv6.conf.default.router_solicitations=0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_rtr_pref=0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_pinfo=0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_ra_defrtr=0
net.ipv6.conf.default.autoconf=0
net.ipv6.conf.default.dad_transmits=0
net.ipv6.conf.default.max_addresses=0
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all=1
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts=1
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses=1
net.core.rmem_default =212992
net.core.wmem_default =212992
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout =3600
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time =7200
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes =7
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries =6
net.ipv4.tcp_retries1 =1
net.ipv4.tcp_retries2 =3
net.ipv4.tcp_retrans_collapse =1
net.ipv4.tcp_sack =1
net.ipv4.ip_default_ttl =64
net.ipv4.ipfrag_time =30
net.ipv4.ip_no_pmtu_disc =0
net.unix.max_dgram_qlen =10
vm.overcommit_memory =2
vm.overcommit_ratio=150 # 4 GB RAM + 2 GB SWAP, mausklick-schnell
# or: vm.overcommit_kbytes=
vm.page-cluster =3
kernel.ctrl-alt-del =1
kernel.panic =0
kernel.acct =4 2 30
kernel.printk =4
kernel.shmall =-1
kernel.shmmax =134217728
dev.raid.speed_limit_min =1000
dev.raid.speed_limit_max =200000
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=1

Gooken´s excellent DNS-security-concept, details from much further below: "DNS-surf-mask" local (etc/hosts/) for fundamental domain-IP including some blocks, followed by pdnsd (the local DNS-proxy/DNS-server with adjustable long-time storage) and finally tordns (the anonymizing DNS-Server of Tor (the Onion Router), tor-resolve)

Deactivate IPv6, https://help.ubuntu.com/community/StricterDefaults
IPv6 is part of a Linux-kernel since 2.6.28. Such addresses do never change. If IPv6 is configured wrong, it can cause troubles within a network and for DNS-queries.
IPv6 is enabled on Ubuntu by default. Most firewalls (like LINFW3) only apply to IPv4, and completely ignore IPv6. If you don´t use IPv6 at all, you can prevent it loading at boot time by changing alias net-pf-10 ipv6 to alias net-pf-10 off in /etc/modprobe.d/aliases resp. /etc/modprobe.conf and scheduling a reboot.

RedHat Enterprise Linux / CentOS / Fedora Core:
/etc/modprobe.conf, change line:

alias net-pf-10 ipv6
into:
alias net-pf-10 off
alias ipv6 off

and restart the computer.

RedHat Enterprise Linux / CentOS / Fedora Core / Mandriva:
Add the following entry to /etc/sysconfig/network:

NETWORKING_IPV6="no"

... and restart the system.

ktune: Kernel-Tuning resp. by boot-options ( /etc/init.d/ktune, if not already done in /boot/grub/menu.lst)), so make it mouseclick-fast
/etc/sysctl.d/*
nano /etc/sysctl.d/01-disable-ipv6.conf
net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1

nano /etc/sysctl.d/10-ptrace.conf
kernel.yama.ptrace.scope=3

nano /etc/sysctl.d/50-kptr-restrict.conf
kernel.kptr_restrict=1

nano /etc/sysctl.d/armci.conf
# Controls the maximum shared segment size, in bytes, siehe auch /etc/sysctl.conf
kernel.shmmax = 134217728

nano /etc/sysctl.d/libvirtd
The kernel allocates aio memory on demand, and this number limits the
# number of parallel aio requests; the only drawback of a larger limit is
# that a malicious guest could issue parallel requests to cause the kernel
# to set aside memory. Set this number at least as large as
# 128 * (number of virtual disks on the host)
# Libvirt uses a default of 1M requests to allow 8k disks, with at most
# 64M of kernel memory if all disks hit an aio request at the same time.
# fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576

Start ktune
sh /etc/init.d/ktune start

Deactivate IPv6
This article describes, howto deactivate the IPv6 support for Linux and Windows. Dies kann aus Sicherheitsgründen sinnvoll sein, solange man IPv6 noch nicht produktiv einsetzt. Damit kann verhindert werden, dass man eine IPv6 Adresse erhält, sobald ein IPv6 Router Advertisement Daemon in einem Netz verfügbar ist. Außerdem sind bestehende Firewall Rules oft nicht für IPv6 gültig. In diesem Fall hätte man dann unter Umständen Dienste per IPv6 zugänglich die man eigentlich mit einer IPv4 Regel unterbunden hat. Unter Linux gibt es das eigene Kommando "ip6tables" zur Verwaltung der IPv6 Firewall Rules.
1 Ubuntu
2 RHEL / CentOS
Ubuntu
In Ubuntu 10.04, 12.04, 14.04 und 16.04 ist IPv6 direkt in den Kernel kompiliert und wird nicht als Modul geladen. Die einfachste Methode um IPv6 zu deaktivieren ist den passenden sysctl Parameter zu setzen. Temporär kann dies mit folgendem Kommando erfolgen:

echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/disable_ipv6

Um diese Einstellung dauerhaft vorzunehmen bietet es sich an auf die sysctl Funktionalitäten zurückzugreifen. Dafür einfach eine Datei namens /etc/sysctl.d/01-disable-ipv6.conf anlegen mit folgendem Inhalt:

net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1

Nach dem nächsten Reboot ist IPv6 dann deaktiviert.

Am besten kann dies mit dem Kommando "ip addr show" überprüft werden. Es darf dann keine Einträge mit dem Text "inet6" mehr geben.

ip addr show | grep inet6

RHEL / CentOS

Unter RHEL 6 / CentOS 6 (with many patches/updates by Jonny Hughes, NY, kann die Deaktivierung von IPv6 ident wie unter Ubuntu via sysctl erfolgen (siehe oben).

In RHEL 4 / CentOS 4 ist IPv6 als Modul integriert. Um dieses zu deaktiveren einfach folgende Zeile in der Datei /etc/modprobe.conf hinzufügen:

install ipv6 /bin/true

Die Überprüfung, ob es geklappt hat, kann mit dem Kommando "ip addr show | grep inet6" oder alternativ mit dem Kommando

lsmod | grep -i ipv6

TCP Wrapper, https://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/OS_Protection
Next we need to have a look inside /etc/sysctl.conf and make some basic changes. The TCP wrappers can provide a quick and easy method for controlling access to applications linked to them. Examples of TCP Wrapper aware applications are sshd, and portmap. A restrictive example is below. This example blocks everything but ssh:

echo "ALL:ALL" >> /etc/hosts.deny
echo "sshd:ALL" >> /etc/hosts.allow
echo "ALL:ALL:DENY" >> /etc/hosts.allow


Turn on SELinux
Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a compulsory access control security mechanism provided in the kernel. Disabling SELinux means removing security mechanism from the system. Think twice carefully before removing, if your system is attached to internet and accessed by the public, then think some more on it.
SELinux provides three basic modes of operation and they are.
Enforcing: This is default mode which enable and enforce the SELinux security policy on the machine.
Permissive: In this mode, SELinux will not enforce the security policy on the system, only warn and log actions. This mode is very useful in term of troubleshooting SELinux related issues.
Disabled: SELinux is turned off.
You can view current status of SELinux mode from the command line using ´system-config-selinux´, ´getenforce´ or ´sestatus´ commands.
# sestatus
If it is disabled, enable SELinux using the following command.

setenforce enforcing

It also can be managed from ´/etc/selinux/config´ file, where you can enable or disable it.
https://www.tecmint.com/linux-server-hardening-security-tips/. Bootparameter in /boot/grub/menu:lst: "selinux=1"

AppArmor or SELinux?, forum.ubuntuusers.de
Why does Ubuntu not use SELinux, ... I see it so too.... I have no trust anymore. . Tom-L. Beiträge form year 2007 ( five years before Snowden´s publications...): 1181.
@glasen
Many thanks, I am going to reed it having time next morning..
@timmy11
Soso, NSA aso. Hmm, I would for myself wouldn´t bother about ... I mean, ok, of it would be our government Bundesregierung... Bundes-trojan :lol:
No, but to be serious: Security against third parties may be higher, if institutes like NSA are involved, but I feel the shabby smell with it too.

timmy11
Maybe someone can convince us from the opposite.
For me America means (... the governmental organizations): I like everything to know and to snoop upon.
Murdoc
Avatar von Murdoc
I also see this....I simple do not have any trust anymore:(

Tom L.: I mean having read, that SELinux is an official part of the kernel. Therefore I believe, that Kernel developer ( and more than only the same one) has studied the source code carefully.

glasen: Sorry, but I can not stand your paranoia.
Obviously NSA become a member to develope SELinux, but as Linux is open-source free software, it is impossible for NSA to keep any backdoors secretly open.
If there were one line code, that could not stand Peer-Review, SELinux would never be a part of the kernel-sources!

Murdoc: I believe this too, but they have studied everything, but there are also kernel-exploits :-/

If secret services would do this, intergrating backdoors within the kernel ..., then certainly not by a project like SELinux, but through other parts of the kernel.
comm_a_nder: Hey, boys, think about it.

Mosurft: Generally I do not feel well connecting SELinux made by NSA, even for - I do believe - noone can study and analyze each part of the source-code. Anyoune does always not notice anything, otherwise there would be no lacks in security and even a secret service has got the most interest in getting and checking a PC with the click on the buttom, in order to check out PCs...
I´d like to know, who runs SELinux on a computer with Ubuntu and how it functions! And if someone does not like SELinux, what about Grsecurity? Did anyone check it out?
Greetings, Mo.

comm_a_nder: If i said it in the wrong way and you feel attacked in person, it makes me sorry.
Back to the theme: Especially the parts of software added by NSA, have been checked out well. But as I told you, there were surely much more effective ways for the boys from "Crypto City" to migrate code into kernel-source.

Murdoc. As we are going on paranoidal, I ask for the BIOS.
Now, as ASUS offers a Minimal Linux to browse, the question is posed, what the BIOS is all enabled to do?

Mosurft: If I do not trust the BIOS, then I better do not use any computer...! ;) ...
https://forum.ubuntuusers.de/topic/apparmor-oder-selinux

Introduced mainboard ITX-220 comes with in- and deactivable BIOS-LAN-Chip and Coretemp for the regulation of the temperature... Next point: SELinux. As our excurs shows, it is suspicously not needed. So we´d prefer to deactivate it right within the boot-paramters.

Review Logs Regularly
Move logs in dedicated log server, this may prevents intruders to easily modify local logs. Below are the Common Linux default log files name and their usage:

/var/log/message - Where whole system logs or current activity logs are available.
/var/log/auth.log - Authentication logs.
/var/log/kern.log - Kernel logs.
/var/log/cron.log - Crond logs (cron job).
/var/log/maillog - Mail server logs.
/var/log/boot.log - System boot log.
/var/log/mysqld.log - MySQL database server log file.
/var/log/secure - Authentication log.
/var/log/utmp or /var/log/wtmp : Login records file.
/var/log/yum.log: Yum log files.
https://www.tecmint.com/linux-server-hardening-security-tips/

Shared Memory (shm und tmpfs, siehe unsere /etc/fstab im noch Folgenden), https://help.ubuntu.com/community/StricterDefaults
By default, /run/shm is mounted read/write, with permission to execute programs. In recent years, many security mailing lists have noted many exploits where /run/shm is used in an attack against a running service, such as httpd. Most of these exploits, however, rely on an insecure web application rather than a vulnerability in Apache or Ubuntu. There are a few reasons for it to be mounted read/write in specific configurations, such as real-time configuration of a Synaptics touchpad for laptops, but for servers and desktop installations there is no benefit to mounting /run/shm read/write. To change this setting, edit the /etc/fstab file to include the following line:

none /run/shm tmpfs defaults,ro 0 0

resp. http://joshrendek.com/2013/01/securing-ubuntu/ :

A common exploit vector is going through shared memory (which can let you change the UID of running programs and other malicious actions). It can also be used as a place to drop files once an initial breakin has been made. An example of one such exploit is available here.
Open /etc/fstab/:

tmpfs /dev/shm tmpfs defaults,ro 0 0

This will mount /run/shm in read-only mode. Note: MANY programs will not work if you make /run/shm read-only (e.g. Google Chrome).If you have a good reason to keep it writable, put this line in /etc/fstab instead:

none /run/shm tmpfs rw,noexec,nosuid,nodev 0 0

This will mount /run/shm writable, but without permission to execute programs, without permission to change the UID of running programs, or to create block or character devices in the namespace.

The changes will take effect the next time you reboot, unless you remount /run/shm with the command sudo mount -o remount /run/shm.

SSH Settings, https://help.ubuntu.com/community/StricterDefaults
While the SSH daemon is secure enough for most people, some may wish to further enhance their security by changing certain sshd settings. Some settings which could be changed to enhance security are given here. All changes, unless otherwise stated, are made in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file. Lines with a pound sign (#) are commented and not read. To edit this file from a terminal:

sudoedit /etc/ssh/sshd_config

For a Gnome editor, press Alt+F2 and use:

gksudo gedit /etc/ssh/sshd_config

For a KDE editor, press Alt+F2 and use:

kdesu kate /etc/ssh/sshd_config

Please remember, after making any changes, sshd must be restarted, which can be done from the terminal with this command:

service ssh restart (CentOS: sh /etc/init.d/sshd restart)
..., https://help.ubuntu.com/community/StricterDefaults .

Configuring bastille, http://joshrendek.com/2013/01/securing-ubuntu/
The Bastille Hardening program "locks down" an operating system, proactively configuring the system for increased security and decreasing its susceptibility to compromise. Bastille can also assess a system´s current state of hardening, granularly reporting on each of the security settings with which it works.

File permissions module: Yes (suid)
Disable SUID for mount/umount: Yes
Disable SUID on ping: Yes
Disable clear-text r-protocols that use IP-based authentication? Yes Enforce password aging? No (situation dependent, I have no users accessing my machines except me, and I only allow ssh keys)
Default umask: Yes
Umask: 077
Disable root login on tty 1-6: Yes
Password protect GRUB prompt: No (situation dependent, I´m on a VPS and would like to get support in case I need it)
Password protect su mode: Yes
default-deny on tcp-wrappers and xinetd? No
Ensure telnet doesn´t run? Yes
Ensure FTP does not run? Yes
display authorized use message? No (situation dependent, if you had other users, Yes)
Put limits on system resource usage? Yes
Restrict console access to group of users? Yes (then choose root)
Add additional logging? Yes
Setup remote logging, if you have a remote log host, I don´t so I answered No
Setup process accounting? Yes
Disable acpid? Yes
Deactivate nfs + samba? Yes (situation dependent)
Stop sendmail from running in daemon mode? No (I have this firewalled off, so I´m not concerned)
Deactivate apache? Yes
Disable printing? Yes
TMPDIR/TMP scripts? No (if a multi-user system, yes)
Packet filtering script? Yes
Finished? YES! & reboot

Link the dns resolver nslookup to the anonymizing tor-resolve
We are going to write about Tor (The Onion Router) at the end of our excurs. If you already use Tor, secure up your system by linking nslookup with the DNS-anonymizing resolver tor-resolve:
make a copy of nslookup: cp -f /usr/bin/nslookup /usr/bin/nslookup-save
links nslookup with tor-resolve: ln -sf /usr/bin/tor-resolve /usr/bin/nslookup.
You can do the same for dns-resolving host and dig too.
Notice, that the output of those programs is not the same (but in all cases they do contain the IP for the domain requested).
For programs that do not work past this linking, enter the ip-domain-pairs in /etc/hosts and adjust /etc/nsswitch.conf. Read more about /etc/hosts at the end of our excurs.
At last, think about setting ACL-rights upon these files, see our section for setfacl.

For our "Universal-Linux" (backported sytem) an actual kernel and actual kernel-firmware can be downloaded from PCLinuxOS, a backport of Fedora Core, ROSA, Mageia and Mandriva, http://ftp.pbone.net/mirror/www.pclinuxos.com/pclinuxos/apt/pclinuxos/64bit/RPMS.x86_64/ or https://ftp.nluug.nl/ftp/pub/os/Linux/distr/pclinuxos/pclinuxos/ or https://linux.palemoon.org and other URL. We strongly recommend LONGTERMED kernel-5.4.110 (pclos) with mkinitrd (pclos, rosa, mga2), nash (pclos, rosa, mga2), dracut (mga6: version 044, el6: version 004 (leads into manual LUKS-password request even in the case of existing password-key-file!, mdv2011: Version 008)), glibc (el8, pclos) and kernel-firmware (pclos) and kernel-firmware-extra (pclos) and Konqueror (el6) with the intergrated adbocker resp. actual Firefox (ESR, the backported company edition) from http://ftp.scientificlinux.org/linux/scientific/6.9/x86_64/updates/security/ or http://mirror.centos.org/centos/6/updates/x86_64/Packages/ with extensions named on this webside in the following.

After the installation of kernel-4.19 (pclos), lookout for the requirements and install missing ones like kmod (pclos): "rpm -qi --requires kernel-4.19....".

Deinstallation of programs (also see section "Updating/Updates"): If sudo, rpcbind, portmapper, sshd SSH-Daemon, rsh, telnet, avahi-daemon or cups-browsed daemon of the CUPS-system is not needed for example, it is possible to deactivate or deinstall them: "dpkg ..." , "rpm -e [nodeps]" source: https://wiki.kairaven.de/open/os/linux/tuxsectune

Quota
Quota limits the memory consumption for a single user and/or group, so that an "overflow" of a volume resp. partition is prevented. For quota the kernal must be configured. If CONFIG_QFMT_V2 is set as modul, kernel modul quota_v2.ko is added to /etc/modules:

sudo echo quota_v2 >>, /etc/modules

For quota following packages have to be installed:

sudo aptitude install quota quotatool

If there is not any quota upon NFS-mounted file systems resp. RPC-quota-server, the service RPC-Remote-Quota-Server can be deactivated:

sudo systemctl disable quotarpc.service # sh /etc/init.d/quota... stop # and disable

In /etc/fstab the mount-options of the /fs file system are added with the options for the usage of journaling quota:

/etc/fstab

/fs /mountpoint ext4 optionen,usrjquota=aquota.usr/grpjquota=aquota.group,jqfmt=vfsv0|1

Use usrjquota for quota of user and/or grpjquota for groups. Volumes with a size of 4TB use quota-format vfsv1.

Finally restart the system, if the file system can not be mounted by the following command:

sudo mount -o remount /mountpoint

More details and source: https://wiki.kairaven.de/open/os/linux/tuxsectune

Kernel-configuration
Deactivate as much as possible, that means all modules, that are not needed. The preconfiguration for single user is already set for the everyday life. This might differ from special requirements and development and a backup-kernel should be installed parallely too, if the configuration and the boot fails.

More details and source: https://wiki.kairaven.de/open/os/linux/tuxsectune
We are describing, how to configure and compile the kernel-source in our section for updates.

Blocking of modules
https://wiki.kairaven.de/open/os/linux/tuxsectune (resp. by "blacklist modul-name" within /etc/modules.d).

Dienste mit systemd
Removal and deactivation
Deactive all services, that are not needed. Either deinstall complete packages or, if a deinstallation is not wanted, use systemctl (alternatively: ntsysv, chkconfig or MCC#system-services (mdv2010) for deactivation).

More about security-settings for services by systemd and source: https://wiki.kairaven.de/open/os/linux/tuxsectune .

at & cron
Resrict the users, that are enable to create and modify at (batch) and cron jobs, enable them within /etc/at.allow and /etc/cron.allow by entering them with their login-name line-by-line (only for users, that are enabled).

Hardend compilation
Flags, that can be set for the configure-Script.


Executable

´CFLAGS= -g -O2 -fPIE -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security -Werror=format-security´
´CPPFLAGS= -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2´
´CXXFLAGS= -g -O2 -fPIE -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security -Werror=format-security´
´LDFLAGS= -fPIE -pie -Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now´

Shared Library

´CFLAGS= -g -O2 -fpic -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security -Werror=format-security´
´CPPFLAGS= -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2´
´CXXFLAGS= -g -O2 -fpic -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security -Werror=format-security´
´LDFLAGS= -fpic -Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now´

If option "-fpic" does not work, use "-fPIC".

Evtl. deinstall ( rpm -e packagename or rpm -e --nodeps packagename )
ConsoleKit (el6, except /usr/libexec/ck*session-info*) rpcbind (el6, mdv2010.2), sudo (el6, mdv2010.2), portmap (el6, mdv2010.2), dayplanner, mmc-agent (mdv2010.2), tracker (mdv2010), codeina (mdv2010), xguest (mdv2010), wu-ftpd (mdv2010), anonftp (mdv), mdkonline (mdv2010), f-spot (does not work on the base of updated mono (rosa2014.1), abrt (el6), funguloids (mdv2010.2), banshee (rosa,mdv) and amarok (rosa,mdv): unavailable for el6, both ones do not work, qmmp (el6, mdv) does not work, lxde (mdv2010, lxpanel tries to get inpredictable root-access).

Start only the processes needed. Use net_applet from NetworkManager and not nm-applet. There might be an error in the skript for NetworkManager. Replace everything except last line in start() with "/usr/bin/NetworkManager --login-level=INFO".

Commercial modules: Linux and the NSA
tgruene, 16.10.2013
Bei dem letzten Newslink über Oracles Versuch, dem DOD den Vorteil kommerzieller Software zu erkläeren, kam mir der Gedanke, dass auf einem.typischen Linuxrechner eine ganze Reihe Module laufen, fuer die kein Quellcode zur Verfuegung steht (die dafür von US-amerikanischen Firmen zur Verfügung gestellt werden und somit vermutlich auch gesetzestreue (aka NSA-freundliche) Hintertüren enthalten), seien es Nvidia/ATI-Treiber, Virtualbox oder unter Debian vermutlich fast der gesamte Inhalt von firmware-linux-nonfree.
Mich interessiert, wie gut der Kernel und die Module voneinander abgeschottet sind - wie leicht ist es, solch einem Modul z.B. einen Keylogger einzubauen, der meine Passwörter beim Tippen abfängt und übers Internet irgendwohin schickt? Dass die NSA meine Emails liest, ist unverschämt, stört mich aber an sich nicht weiter, sonst würde ich ja keine Emails an Leute schreiben, deren Schlüssel ich nicht kenne, doch meinen GPG-Schlüssel und die Passwörter abzuhören - dagegen habe ich ganz ordentlich etwas.

Terminal -> lsmod
/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist*
blacklist mei
blacklist it87 # disabled for Mainboard ASUS ITX-220
blacklist i2c_dev # ITX-220
blacklist coretemp # ITX-220
blacklist snd-usb-audio
blacklist snd_pcm_oss
blacklist snd_mixer_oss
blacklist snd_seq_oss
blacklist pata_acpi
blacklist rivatv
blacklist i82875p_edac
# do not use "Boot Protocol" drivers, we prefer usbhid
# and they cause problems when loaded together with usbhid (#37726, #40861)
blacklist usbkbd
blacklist usbmouse
# disable PC speaker by default
# pcspkr is the standard driver, while snd-pcsp is the ALSA driver
blacklist pcspkr
blacklist snd-pcsp
blacklist pcspkr
blacklist snd-pcsp
blacklist vhost
blacklist vhost_net
blacklist tpm_infineon
blacklist tmp_tis
blacklist tmp_tis_core
blacklist i82875p_edac
blacklist pcspkr
blacklist snd-pcsp
blacklist rivatv
blacklist i82875p_edac
blacklist pcspkr
blacklist it87
blacklist i2c_dev
blacklist coretemp
blacklist vhost_net
blacklist tpm_infineon
blacklist tmp_tis
blacklist tmp_tis_core
blacklist i82875p_edac
blacklist pcspkr
blacklist snd-pcsp
blacklist rivatv
blacklist i82875p_edac
blacklist pcspkr
# watchdog drivers
blacklist i8xx_tco
# framebuffer drivers
blacklist aty128fb
blacklist atyfb
blacklist radeonfb
blacklist i810fb
blacklist cirrusfb
blacklist intelfb
blacklist kyrofb
blacklist i2c-matroxfb
blacklist hgafb
blacklist nvidiafb
blacklist rivafb
blacklist savagefb
blacklist sstfb
blacklist neofb
blacklist tridentfb
blacklist tdfxfb
blacklist virgefb
blacklist vga16fb
blacklist matroxfb_base
# ISDN - see bugs 154799, 159068
blacklist hisax
blacklist hisax_fcpcipnp

Partition-check during each system boot)
This is described later on, but it might be such important, to tell it alrady at this place.
We assume, that the partitions got already encrypted with LUKS/dm-crypt (we are describing later on, how this can be made, if not). But the check will work upon unencrypted ones too. To be careful, we are going to check out partitions with file systems like ext4 each system boot, especially thinking of all the updating with rpm-packages in future.

tune2fs -c 1 /dev/mapper/cryptedhomepartition

resp.

reiserfstune -m 1 /dev/mapper/cryptedroot_resp_home_resp_bootpartition

resp.

tune2fs -d 7 /dev/mapper/cryptedroot_resp_home_resp_bootpartition

For unencrypted and not internal kernel-partitions replace the container-file "/dev/mapper/cryptedhomepartiton" with a device file like /dev/sda1.

Also activate in the device configuration file /etc/fstab the check each boot. Do this line (partition) by line (partition) more or less regarding "priorities&uot; of the check, by setting a positive interger not equal to zero behind the number (zero) for the (deactivated) dump at the end of the line: "0 1" for the root-partition, "0 1" or "0 2" for the home-partition and so on.
An example of the content of /etc/fstab as a whole is given further below.

Apache-Webserver (httpd.conf) (analogous: LAN/Samba (samba.conf, database server/MySQL (my.cnf and mysld.conf) and other server, print-server (CUPS) see end of this website )
Now it is the turn for the webserver, almost Apache httpd 1.3 or 2.0. Basic functions are enriched by many loadable modules.
To see, which modules are really needed, have a look into /etc/apache/httpd.conf (CentOS 6 and CentOS 7: /etc/httpd/httpd.conf):

LoadModule autoindex_module /usr/lib/apache/1.3/mod_autoindex.so
LoadModule dir_module /usr/lib/apache/1.3/mod_dir.so
LoadModule cgi_module /usr/lib/apache/1.3/mod_cgi.so
LoadModule userdir_module /usr/lib/apache/1.3/mod_userdir.so
LoadModule proxy_module /usr/lib/apache/1.3/libproxy.so

Superfluos modules can be commented in by "#" plus blank at the very beginning of each line. Apache will work faster and will consumpt less memory the less modules are needed..

Only those modules should be loaded, that are really needed. The kind of server determines, which ones. Nevertheless there are modules, a standard webserver does not need:
* lib_status (presents a server-internal status)
* libproxy (an enormous security risk, as the webserver realizes a proxy for the accesses of other server)
* mod_cgi (to start so-called cgi-scripts. Such scripts are rarely used today as they are one more security risk)
* mod_userdir (generates a web-directory for each user)
In Debian, Apache 2.0 uses the file /etc/apache2/apache2.conf for configuration. All modules symbolically linked in /etc/apache2/mods-enabled are loaded by default. To deactivate such modules, the link has to be deleted.
After the config-files were changed,

apache -t

shows, if the configuration-syntax still is OK.

/etc/init.d/apache restart
oder
/etc/init.d/apache2 restart # C6 (el6): sh /etc/init.d/httpd restart

restarts the server, therewith the changes can take into effect.

Notice, that SuSE makes it the other way. Apache-modules are loaded within the file /etc/sysconfig/apache2. Look out in this file for the line with "APACHE_MODULES" and delete the entries not needed. After this,

SuSEconfig
has to be started out of the shell. Restart Apache by
rcapache2 restart

Get more infos about the task for each module, have a look at

http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/index-bytype.html und
http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/mod/
More reports
Apache: Howto stop unwanted referer, https://www.strassenprogrammierer.de/apache-unerwuenschte-referer-stoppen_tipp_441.html
source. https://www.strassenprogrammierer.de/webserver-absichern-hacker_tipp_479.html

Secure Apache/PHP/Nginx server
Edit httpd.conf file (CentOS: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf) and add the following:

ServerTokens Prod
ServerSignature Off
TraceEnable Off
Options all -Indexes
Header always unset X-Powered-By

Restart the httpd/apache2 server on Linux
You must install and enable mod_security on RHEL/CentOS server. It is recommended that you edit php.ini and secure it too.
https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-security.html

DDoS-Schutzdienst:
Der DDoS-Schutzdienst ist in der Lage, selbst die komplexesten DDoS-Angriffe abzuwehren.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack#Distributed_attack
https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/what-is-a-ddos-attack/
https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-emerging-threats-what-is-a-ddos-attack-30sectech-by-norton.html
https://www.digitalattackmap.com/understanding-ddos/

Lastverteilung:
Der Lastenausgleich geht häufig mit Ausfallsicherheitsmechanismen einher: Indem Sie einen Cluster mit der entsprechenden Kapazität aufbauen und die Anforderungen auf einzelne Systeme verteilen, können Sie die Ausfallsicherheit erhöhen Ausfallsicherheit, wenn der Ausfall eines Systems erkannt wird und die Anforderungen automatisch an ein anderes System gesendet werden.
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lastverteilung_(Informatik)
https://www.nginx.com/resources/glossary/load-balancing/

HMAC authentication
HMAC stands for keyed-hash message authentication code. A message authentication code protects against the modification of transmitted data by an attacker, who can read the data in real time. TLS use hash values (hence the H in HMAC) out of the numerous possibilities for the reliable authentication of messages.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAC

HMAC Authentication in Web API - Dot Net Tutorials
Understanding the Keys used in HMAC Authentication. Uses of HMAC Authentication in Web API. How does the HMAC Authentication work?
https://dotnettutorials.net/lesson/hmac-authentication-web-api/

What is HMAC authentication and how does it make VPN safer?
HMAC stands for hashed message authentication code and is an important factor in VPN security. Learn why strong HMAC auth matters for VPN security.
https://protonvpn.com/blog/hmac-authentication/

Station-to-Station (STS) protocol, Cipher Block Chaining:
CBC stands for Cipher Block Chaining, which is every message depending on the previous passes. So can yourself short interruptions of the channel can be quickly noticed. Diffie-Hellman key exchange:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffie-Hellman_key_exchange A symmetric encryption scheme is used, the key of which is the negotiation of Diffie-Hellman key exchanges with elliptic curves. The server and the app use intelligent math to negotiate and verify the secret key, which is then used to encrypt the data for the entire session. Station-to-Station (STS) protocol: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station-to-Station_protocol In public-key cryptography, the Station-to-Station (STS) protocol is a cryptographic key agreement scheme. The protocol is based on classic Diffie-Hellman, and provides mutual key and entity authentication. Unlike the classic Diffie-Hellman, which is not secure against a man-in-the-middle attack, this protocol assumes that the parties have signature keys, which are used to sign messages, thereby providing security against man-in-the-middle attacks. In addition to protecting the established key from an attacker, the STS protocol uses no timestamps and provides perfect forward secrecy. It also entails two-way explicit key confirmation, making it an authenticated key agreement with key confirmation (AKC) protocol.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher_mode_of_operation#CBC


Pretty Good Privacy
PGP encryption uses a serial combination of hashing, data compression, symmetric-key cryptography, and finally public-key cryptography; each step uses one of several supported algorithms. Each public key is bound to a username or an e-mail address. The first version of this system was generally known as a web of trust to contrast with the X.509 system, which uses a hierarchical approach based on certificate authority and which was added to PGP implementations later. Current versions of PGP encryption include both options through an automated key management server.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy

Perfect Forward Secrecy
With Perfect Forward Secrecy, even if a dedicated opponent is somehow able to attack the computer or server during a session, they will not be able to decrypt traffic from past sessions. The provider uses namely with each connection a new secret key. Even if you remain connected to the Server for a long period of time, the provider automatically changes the key every 60 minutes. This key renewal process every 60 minutes guarantees "Forward Secrecy". So if an attacker succeeds in compromising the key, in the worst case scenario, he could track the data for up to 60 minutes. Then everything is secret again.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_secrecy

Shadowsocks SOCKS5 proxy (all servers) Shadowsocks Proxy can be used by the provider through the application (Mac OS X, Windows, Linux, iOS, Android, Windows 10 Mobile). In addition, there is an advantage that "shadow socks" can not even be blocked in highly restrictive networks.
https://shadowsocks.org/en/index.html

Smart DNS Proxy (all servers)
There are currently two common ways to circumvent geo-blocks of foreign video-on-demand services such as Hulu, Netflix or Vudu. The first way is to use SmartDNS services. The term SmartDNS hides on innovative technology that has been specifically designed to bypass the geo-blocking barrier. To configure the SmartDNS service, there is only a minimal change to the TCP/IP properties of the network connection. Then, the user can freely use many suspended streaming services regardless of their current whereabouts.
http://www.unblock.ch/smart-dns-anbieter/

DNS-Leak:
Eigene DNS-Server ohne Festplatten (RAM-Disk). Zusätzlich werden OpenDNS-Server (IPv6) verwendet (Auswahlmöglichkeit in den Einstellungen). Der Dienst schützt zuverlässig vor dem bekannten DNS-Leck.
https://www.hongkiat.com/blog/creating-ram-drives/
https://www.tomshardware.com/news/what-we-know-ddr5-ram,39079.html
https://www.opendns.com/about/innovations/ipv6/

IP-Leak:
Eine eigene Software verhindert zuverlässig Angriffe bekannter DNS-Leak-Methoden.

WebRTC-Leak:
Der Service schützt zuverlässig vor dem bekannten WebRTC-Leak-Problem.

Speicherschutz-Funktion (Schutz vor Serverausfällen):
Diese Funktion ist in der Lage, den verfügbaren Arbeitsspeicher so aufzuteilen und laufende Programme so voneinander zu trennen, dass ein Programmierfehler oder Absturz eines einzelnen Programms nicht die Stabilität anderer Programme oder des Gesamtsystems beeinträchtigt (Speicherschutz-Mechanismus).
Serverausfall (Schutzmöglichkeiten):
Unterspannungsschutz (UVP)
Überspannungsschutz (OVP)
Kurzschlusssicherung (SCP)
Überlastschutz (OPP)
Überstromschutz (OCP)
Überhitzungsschutz (OTP)
Japanische 105°C Kondensatoren (Lebensdauer vom Netzteil)
Brandmelder (im Serverraum eingebaut)
Diese Schutzfunktionen (Netzteil) können die meisten Serverausfälle verhindern.

Login methods, Two-Factor-Authentification (TOTP)
Two factor authentication can be implemented for SSH access or other application login, it will improve login security by adding a second factor of authentication, that is the password is typically known as something you know, while the second factor may be a physical security token or mobile device which acts as something you have. The combination of something you know and something you have ensures that you are more likely who you say you are.

There are custom applications available for this such as Duo Securityand Google Authenticator as well as many others. These typically involve installing an application on a smart phone and then entering the generated code alongside your username and password when you authenticate.
Google Authenticator can be used for many other applications than just SSH, such as for WordPress login with third party plugin support.
https://www.rootusers.com/23-hardening-tips-to-secure-your-linux-server/
4096 bit encryption/Eliptic-cuves-cryptography/
Two-Factor-Authentfication/connection (SSL/TLS encryption)/full IPv6
Support/HMAC-Authentifizierung/Cipher Block Chaining/Diffie-Hellman-Schlüsselaustausch/STS-Protokoll (Station-to-Station)/Pretty Good Privacy/Perfect Forward
Secrecy/encryption tool (Cloud Storage/Backup)/Failure Backup-solution/NAT-Firewall/
DDoS-protection/Lastverteilung/DNS-Leak/IP Leak/WebRTC Leak/WebRTC Leak/
Windows Login Leak/Arttifical Intelligence (NeuroRouting™)/Zero-Knowledge-Beweis/
Fiat-Shamir-Protokoll/Schnorr-Identification/SecureCore-function (security kernel)/
4096 bit encryption:
https://www.pcwelt.de/ratgeber/Verschluesselung_-_Was_ist_noch_unknackbar_-Sicherheits-Check-8845011.html
https://www.heise.de/security/artikel/Kryptographie-in-der-IT-Empfehlungen-zu-Verschluesselung-und-Verfahren-3221002.html?seite=all
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Curve_Cryptography
https://www.heise.de/select/ix/2017/3/1487529933065685
https://www.computerweekly.com/de/definition/Elliptische-Kurven-Kryptografie-Elliptic-Curve-Cryptography-ECC
https://www.globalsign.com/de-de/blog/ecc-101/
https://www.ssl247.de/certificats-ssl/rsa-dsa-ecc
Two-Factor-Authetification(TOTP):
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwei-Faktor-Authentisierung
https://www.pcwelt.de/ratgeber/Wichtige_Dienste_per_Zwei-Faktor-Authentifizierung_schuetzen-Sicherheit-8679969.html
https://www.security-insider.de/flexiblere-zwei-faktor-authentifizierung-an-vpns-a-700259/
https://www.security-insider.de/remote-access-vpn-mit-zwei-faktor-authentifizierung-a-389000/
http://www.itseccity.de/produkte-services/it-security/vpn-loesungen/ncp-engineering090315.html
Authenticator-App:
a) FreeOTP Authenticator
b) Authy
c) Microsoft Authenticator
d) LastPass Authenticator
e) Google Authenticator


Kill hack-attempts against the Secure Shell
In order to prevent hundrets of sshd-tasks starting at the same by a hacking attempt, add the line

MaxStartups 3:30:10

into the configuratio file /etc/ssh/sshd_config. This restriction is effective but complicated. The values in the example mean, that 2 (= 1. value minus 1) unauthenticated (and therefore in the Login-state assembled) sshd-connections are always allowed.
A third connection (= 1. value) is blocked by a probability of 30% (second value).
The probaliity of ending a connection is increasing linear, until up from 10 opened (built-up) connections (third value) each attempt to build up a connection is blocked at all at the rate of 100 in percent.

Notice, that useres already logged in do not refer to these values! The values in the example from above should suffer the need for each small and middle-sized server. If there are plenty of SSH-user, higher values might be recommended, for example:

MaxStartups 10:30:50 6

Source: https://www.strassenprogrammierer.de/sicherheit-ssh-hacker_tipp_480.html

Forbid root-access for SSH
Change the ssh-configuration:

nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config

and set

PermitRootLogin no

And to make it most secure, we add the following lines:

# Only permit user admin.
AllowUsers admin
# Generally block root or user of group root:
DenyUsers root
DenyGroups root

This lines can be added at the beginning of the file. Enhance the entry AllowUser, if further on more user are permitted for the SSH-login. New user are separated by a blank and not colon,. for example:

AllowUsers admin user1 user2 user3 Now the ssh-daemon gets started:

service ssh restart

Debian:

/etc/init.d/ssh reload

CentOS: sh /etc/init.d/sshd restart

Now we open a new session and try to login as root. By using the correct password, we get the message:
Access denied
Quelle: https://www.rechenkraft.net/wiki/Root_Server_absichern_(Ubuntu_14.04)
https://linux-scout.de/sicherheit/debian-server-absichern-so-machen-sie-es-richtig/

Secure Linux Server
From Qloc Wiki
Here you find significant basics to secure a Debian/Ubuntu System. Except the tips listed here there are a lot of security precautions to make attacks more difficult.
Generally for all public systems essential services should only be accessible from the outside. Unused services like webserver or MySQL Server should eiteher be inaccessible with the help of iptables-rules or be deactivated.
Summary

1 Secure keywords (passwords)
2 SSH Port: secure up by change
3 Creating SSH-keys
4 Opening of required ports only
5 Prevention of Brute Force Attacks
6 Installing security updates

https://wiki.qloc.de/index.php/Absichern_eines_Linux_Servers

Right here we´d like to mention the server configuration files for many more security settings (like access/login, ACL-access-rights, log, bandwidth and server-ports (now "client"-ports) to open). Also search for adequate modules resp. securing server-extensions.

- Apache: mod_evasive against DDoS, mod_cband as traffic-Cop
- Fail2Ban for the https-vHosts- resp. htaccess authentification
- 24/7 monitoring with SMS alerting through an SMS Gateway via monit
- encrypted backups in two different computer centers
- instead of unencrypted ftp: SFTP. Transfer gets encrypted through sshd.
Configure an ftp-server working with ssl-encryption, it es similar to POP3 and IMAP. Then the transfers get secure, noone can read data.
Forbid anonymous accounts and run the ftp server in a chroot environment. This keeps away most annoynances.
Use ssh instead of ftpd just relying on ssh too.
Normalerweise ist das Verbinden mit einem FTP-Server mit SSL nicht schwieriger als mit einem ohne.
Just configure the ftp-client for the SSL-ecnryption and he will connect. The everyting works like connecting with a ftp-server without SSL. One will be just asked, if the certificate is accespted.
SSH use port 22. It is possible to upload files too, but the user once logged in has the possibility to access the system- except the account is chrooted.
...
https://serversupportforum.de/forum/security/28079-abschottung-wie-geht-es-nun-weiter-2.html

Memory-protection-function (protection against server-breakdowns):
This function is be abled to separate the RAM into areas and distinguish processes the way, that programmers or breakdowns do not affect the stability of other processes or impairs the whole system (RAM-protection).
Server-breakdown-protection:
Low-Voltage-protection (UVP)
Overvoltage-protection (OVP)
Short circuit protection: (SCP)
Overload-protection (OPP)
Over current stream protection (OCP)
Over heat protection (OTP)
Japanese 105 degree condensators (lifetime of the netadapter)
Fire detectors (server room)


Chroot ( Befehl chroot ): is part of commands resp. communication-protocols like mount, ssh, stfp and effects one of the most serious hard threats! Help is given by sandboxes and/or/including the locking of the shells of the user (unfortunately a sandbox only, if a program works upon sandboxes, for example tor-browser does not (but migh have its own one). We are going to talk about this problem!

Chroot and Chroot-Jail (Chroot-Enviroment, Chroot-Sandbox)
https://wiki.debian.org/chroot
Step by step: https://www.linuxwiki.de/chroot

Chroot and Chroot-Jail, debian.org, wikipedia.org
A chroot on Unix operating systems is an operation, that changes the apparent root directory for the current running process and its children. A program that is run in such a modified environment cannot name (and therefore normally cannot access) files outside the designated directory tree. The term "chroot" may refer to the chroot system call or the chroot wrapper program. The modified environment is called a chroot jail.
https://wiki.debian.org/chroot
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroot

Linux - Keeping users inside their home directory - Super User
If you use chroot like this, everything the user needs (executables, libraries, etc.) has to be within the chrooted directory. I´ve seen ftp-servers set up that way, with static executables copied into a bin directory.
https://superuser.com/questions/396282/keeping-users-inside-their-home-directory

How to configure ProFTPD to chroot users to /home directory or any ...
If you´re using ProFTPD user on a Linux server, you most certainly have wondered, how you can configure the FTP server to chroot (or jail) it´s users to a particular ...
https://www.pc-freak.net/blog/how-to-configure-proftpd-to-chroot-users-to-home-directory-or-any-other-selected-directory-2

Furthermore past the configuration the server can run in a lower, but even more safer runlevel like runlevel 3 (command: "init 3") than common runlevel 5 or 6. mgetty resp. mingetty: terminal-switch ( ALT + CTRL + F1 up to F7), server configuration file (if it is possible there), systemd (sysctl) or chkconfig (to set the runlevel for the server during system boot)

Coreboot - flashing the BIOS: Manufacturer BIOS-replacement by the Linux-System, https://www.kuketz-blog.de/sicheres-desktop-system-linux-haerten-teil1/
"System security already defines upon the hardware-level. Even today it might be difficult to find out WLAN-chipsets open source driver are provided. Exceptions like for AR9170 chipset are provided, same for the BIOS.
Idally Coreboot can replace the actual BIOS for a open-source, free BIOS. Otherwise hidden backdoors are risked usable by secret services.
We can be only really "secure", if open-source is used by hard- and software. [...].
Therefore I am urged for the project "hardened Linux" to make an exception and like to repeat, that this project does not protect against directed secret services.
I...] As I wrote with the first article, a secure operating system can only be obtained using Linux resp. Unix."
https://www.coreboot.org/Supported_Motherboards # u.a.
Many BIOS-variants are associated with software failures. Getting rid of them often implies updates from manufacturer. Beneath these unintended restrictions basic approaches exist to implement more functions in proprietary firmware (BIOS resp. UEFI) in future, that make afraid of more conscious restrictions of functionality.
Quelle: https://www.kuketz-blog.de/sicheres-desktop-system-linux-haerten-teil1/
https://www.kuketz-blog.de/sicheres-desktop-system-linux-haerten-teil2/
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreboot
https://www.golem.de/0912/72132.html
With Coreboot the system-startup-time can also be declined.

Copy the Bios-flashing file (.ROM) from manufacturer-DVD into the boot-partition too, in order to get loaded after pressing the function-key or the Bios-setup to flash, if required!

Shorten the boot-time for your Linux rapidly: For grub, exchange the value for the automized election to five or three seconds only.
Initscripts: use systemd or care for a short list through chkconfig by deleting as many scripts out of the list you can find in /etc/init.d as possible, therefore use chkconfig --del. Also repair listed loop-errors of such scripts in that way warned agains during the system-boot.
If you put order into the list of init-scripts, Linux like C6 (CentOS 6) will boot in less than one minute (upon Intel Celeron in less than 20 seconds) even faster than Debian!
Of course more boot time for the typing in of the password for the decryption of the LUKS-encrypted root-partition, the partition-checks and for the boot (startup) of the Desktop Environment at the end of the boot has still to be considered (added)!

Disable any network-connection-build-up, until the system got booted!

hal resp. haldaemon extends the boot-startup-time for C6 (Centos 6) resp. "previous" mdv (2010-2012) until the KDE-login (kdm) without regarding the LUKS-passwort-login and harddisc-check by fsck (we thought of each boot) serious hard from around 20 seconds up to more than one minute ! hal resp. hald (haldaemon) might work faster by creating the file haldaemon within /etc/sysconfig with the follwoing include:

--child-timeout=15 # Begrenzung der Kindprozesse --daemon=no

In /etc/dbus-1/system.d/hal.conf forbid some up to now allowed methods and devices, eventually like LightSensor and WakeOnLan, and in another subdirectorys haldaemon referring files like *dell-computer* eventually can just be deleted (removed)..

Konfiguration der Netzwerkschnittstelle /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules for mainboard ASUS ITX-220

# This file was automatically generated by the /lib/udev/write_net_rules
# program, run by the persistent-net-generator.rules rules file.
#
# You can modify it, as long as you keep each rule on a single
# line, and change only the value of the NAME= key.
# Drakx-net rule for eth0 (cb:ad:b3:81:1a:53)

SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION=="add", DRIVERS=="?*", ATTR{address}=="cb:ad:b3:81:1a:53",ATTR{type}=="1", KERNEL=="eth*", NAME="eth0"
# PCI device 0x10ec:0x8168 (r8169)
SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION=="add", DRIVERS=="?*", ATTR{address}=="0b:01:ab:ba:3b:15", ATTR{type}=="1", KERNEL=="eth*", NAME="eth1"

First entry configures the interface as we hope NAME="eth0" for udev for the original mac-address in ATTR..., this is not the mac-address renewed by macchanger within /etc/rc.local later on, else set this exchanged one (renewed by macchanger already at this place), the second entry configures the PCI-interface of ITX-220 for, as we hope, NAME="eth1". This PCI-entry, or both entries, might be automatically generated by udev. Lookout, that belonging NAME is always eth0 is always the NAME in the first case (first entry) and eth1 in the last case (second entry) (and never eth0).

ifcfg-eth0

/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

DEVICE=eth0
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
ONBOOT=no
METRIC=5
MII_NOT_SUPPORTED=yes
USERCTL=yes
DNS1=127.0.0.1
RESOLV_MODS=yes
LINK_DETECTION_DELAY=6
IPV6INIT=no
IPV6TO4INIT=no
ACCOUNTING=yes
DHCP_CLIENT=dhclient -4 -cf /etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf eth0
NEEDHOSTNAME=no
PEERDNS=no
PEERYP=no
PEERNTPD=no
TYPE=Ethernet
IPADDR=0.0.0.0
MACADDR=e1:a0:b0:cd:a1:b8 # original OR "black masked" hardware address (ethernet-card): Try /etc/rc.local. "macchanger --mac e1:a0:b0:cd:a1:b8 eth0" and set in Linfw3 "your IP" to the by this mac-address new resp. origin pregiven one (local IP) next (or past) the connection-build-up. The computer (system) might break down after all these changes, but after some newstarts, the system will gain its old´n good stability right back.

More network troubleshooting:
https://www.pcwelt.de/a/wlan-probleme-so-loesen-sie-typische-aergernisse,3389115 https://www.pcwelt.de/ratgeber/Fehlersuche-im-Netzwerk-LAN-WLAN-1953158.html

Intall the actual netprofile (rpm: omv2015, pclos, rosa2014.1) only; never choose other (elder) buggish versions!

If the interface is eth0 only, delete the following files:

rm -df /etc/netprofile/profiles/default/network/var/lib/dhcp/dhclient-eth1.leases
rm -df /etc/netprofile/profiles/default/network/var/lib/dhcp/dhclient-eth1.leases
...

Remove all other interfaces except eth0 from drbl.conf, choose eth0 only, if eth0 is the net-interface
drbl.conf
nano cd /etc/drbl/drbl.conf

There should be only one interface named eth0 be configured, even shown in MCC. If the net-adapter does not build up the connection, look out for all passages in files with eth not valued zero like eth1, eth2 and so on! Use grep -R to find such files and remove them (such passages)! Update dhclient (el6) and netprofile including all netprofile-plugins to netprofile (rosa2016.1, omv4)! If there are still problems, have a hort time to plug out the net adapter of the DSL-Modem to plug it in again for a new connection build-up with the DSL-provider. Now the net adapter should work fine and, as we hope forever!

Netz-Aliase

/etc/networks

default 0.0.0.0
loopback 127.0.0.0
link-local 169.254.0.0 # link-local 169.254.0.0 # In a computer network, a link-local address is a network address that is valid only for communications within the network segment (link) or the broadcast domain that the host is connected to. Link-local addresses are most often assigned automatically through a process known as stateless address autoconfiguration or link-local address autoconfiguration. Link-local addresses are not guaranteed to be unique beyond a single network segment. Routers therefore do not forward packets with link-local addresses.
For protocols that have only link-local addresses, such as Ethernet,[dubious - discuss] hardware addresses assigned by manufacturers in networking elements are unique, consisting of a vendor identification and a serial identifier. Link-local addresses for IPv4 are defined in the address block 169.254.0.0/16 in CIDR notation. In IPv6, they are assigned the address block fe80::/10, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link-local_address.

Preload-acceleration
The Tool Preload accelerates not the boot time, but program starts or autostarts (under "Start programs"), that are used often or regulary awaiting past each system login. This simple service protcols the program favorites and loads them into the RAM right before. The program start accelerates by this. Preload is obtainable as rpm and deb packet.


A manual configuration is not essential, but possible ("/etc/preload.conf") (start preload for example within /etc/rc.local)
https://www.pcwelt.de/ratgeber/Schneller_Linux-Start_ueber_Systemd_-_so_geht_s-Dienste_optimieren-8259105.html

rkhunter, chkrootkit, Lynis - security check
With lynis an audit can simply be made:

su
lynis audit system --quick

After the first run one gets confronted with the total result named "Hardening index". "Warnings" and "Suggestions" howto secure resp. harden the system are shown during the scrolling.
https://www.kuketz-blog.de/linux-systemhaertung-basis-linux-haerten-teil2/

Optimized usage of graphic cards and monitors in Linux, PC-WELT.de, 30.04.2021
[...] The standard installed Open-Source-graphic-card-driver are sufficient for the most user, for more optimized performance the proprietary driver from manufacturer migh be recommended.
https://www.pcwelt.de/ratgeber/Grafikkarten-Monitore-in-Linux-optimal-nutzen-11020222.html

Delete X Windows on server
X Windows on server is not required. There is no reason to run X Windows on your dedicated mail and Apache web server. You can disable and remove X Windows to improve server security and performance. Edit /etc/inittab and set run level to 3. Finally, remove X Windows system, enter:

# yum groupremove "X Window System"
On CentOS 7/RHEL 7 server use the following commands:
# yum group remove "GNOME Desktop"
# yum group remove "KDE Plasma Workspaces"
# yum group remove "Server with GUI"
# yum group remove "MATE Desktop"

https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-security.html

X-Server: Howto secure up: Host- and cookie-based access
he number 1 rated high risk system vulnerability noted by the recent ISS audit of BNL was the use of "xhost +" or an open X display. Using "xhost +" allows anyone the ability to watch your keystrokes, capture windows and insert command strings into your windows. This situation is particularly bad when you have root access to a machine. There is no legitimate reason to run "xhost +". Most people will be using ssh to make their connections to other machines than their desktop and ssh tunnels X11 traffic, eliminating any need for "xhost +". To use turn on X11 forwarding with ssh call it like:

ssh -X host.domain

This can be turned on by default by adding the following to $HOME/.ssh/config:

Host *.bnl.gov
ForwardX11 yes

Make sure of the following things:

You should not set your DISPLAY variable, ssh will do it for you. It will look something like:

echo $DISPLAY
localhost:12.0

X11 forwarding must be allowed by the SSH server. Check /etc/ssh/sshd_config for a line saying "X11Forwarding yes".
On Linux/UNIX machines, the "xhost +" command can be issued at many locations, so you will have to remember, where you did it or find the location to turn it off (I believe that all recent version of the Linux X server have "xhost -" as the default). If you cannot find where the "xhost +" command is issued, adding a call to "xhost -" somewhere will turn it off.

Some of the most common files where you can find the "xhost +" command are in the X11 startup files. These file are

$HOME/.Xclients
$HOME/.Xclients.gnome
$HOME/.Xclients.kde
$HOME/.xinitrc
$HOMN/.xsession
/etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc
/usr/X11R6/bin/startx
/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xdm/Xsession

Also, doing a man xinit will give you more information on startup files which are executed when one starts up X11.

If you want to test to see whether you have fixed the "xhost +" problem on your systems, log into another unix computer, disable the ssh X11 encryption channel by resetting the $DISPLAY environment variable back to the server port 0 of your desktop, and then try starting up an xclock. For example, type the following commands

ssh youraccount@yourfavoritunixserver.phy.bnl.gov
setenv DISPLAY yourdesktop.phy.bnl.gov:0
xclock

If an xclock pops up on your screen, you still have not properly enabled X11 access control. You should contact your computer liaison for further assistance.

Xterminals
To enable access control (set xhost -) on Tektronix Xterminals bring up the "Setup" menu (F3 key). In the "Configuration Summaries" pull down menu select "X Environment". On the X Environment page toggle "Enable Access Control" to "Yes". Return to the Main Menu and then "Save Settings to NVRAM". The terminal will now reject all X connections except those coming from the machine you connect to via XDM and those coming through tunnels to you XDM host created when you ssh to another machine. If you run "xhost +" on the XDM host, then you will again disable access control, so you should make sure that you do not do this in any of the X setup files (see the UNIX discussion above).

The following is an e-mail from Ofer Rind, who tells us how to enable X11 authentication on NCD Xterminals. Thanks Ofer for you post.
-----------
- Disabling Xhost+ on an Xterminal
(NB: This was tried on both NCD and Textronix Xterminals and seemed to work; however, your mileage may vary. The description is for an NCD.) Press Alt-F3 to pull up the Xterminal control bar. Select "Change Setup Parameters" from the "Setup" menu. When the setup parameters window pops up, select "Access Control." This will expand the menu, revealing an option called "Enable Access Control." Turn this on by pressing the adjacent square. Then, at the bottom of setup window, press the "Apply" button to effect the change. This sometimes takes several seconds, be patient. When the arrow cursor returns, close the setup window and return to your previously scheduled program. X access control should now (hopefully) be enabled. NOTE that this access control can be superseded by a user who logs in on the Xterm and sets "xhost +".
Quelle: http://www.phy.bnl.gov/cybersecurity/old/xhost_plus.html

So our settings typed in terminal and /etc/rc.local after login to superuser by command "su" are (reset by "xhost +" on problems past the login):

xhost -
xhost +si:localuser:local-username
xhost +si:localuser:lokaler-Benutzername# lokaler-Benutzername: nur user, d.h. alle anderen Benutzer sind gesperrt, darunter Benutzer root, surfuser und toruser
xhost -si:localuser:root # bereits mit "xhost -"
xhost -si:localuser:toruser # bereits mit "xhost -"
xhost -si:localuser:surfuser # bereits mit "xhost -"
xhost -inet6:user@ # Das @-Zeichen muss bei inet6 (IPv6) im Unterschied zu si hinter dem Benutzernamen user stehen.
xhost -nis:user@ # nis: Secure RPC network

Output of command xhost:
access control enabled, only authorized clients can connect
SI:localuser:local-username

Do not set it for any other user, even NOT root! These simple two rules (for example in /etc/rc.local) make the system once more mouseclick-fast..

X-Server, cookie-based access: MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1
When using xdm (X Display Manager) to log in, you get a much better access method: MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1.
A 128-bit "cookie" is generated and stored in your .Xauthority file. If you need to allow a remote machine access to your display, you can use the xauth command and the information in your .Xauthority file to provide access to only that connection. See the Remote-X-Apps mini-howto, available at
http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/mini/Remote-X-Apps.html.

Cookie-based access
The cookie-based authorization methods are based on choosing a magic cookie (an arbitrary piece of data) and passing it to the X display server when it is started; every client that can prove having knowledge of this cookie is then authorized connection to the server.
These cookies are created by a separate program and stored in the file .Xauthority in the user´s home directory, by default. As a result, every program run by the client on the local computer can access this file and therefore the cookie that is necessary for being authorized by the server. If the user wants to run a program from another computer on the network, the cookie has to be copied to that other computer. How the cookie is copied is a system-dependent issue: for example, on Unix-like platforms, scp can be used to copy the cookie.
The two systems using this method are MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1 and XDM-AUTHORIZATION-1. In the first method, the client simply sends the cookie when requested to authenticate. In the second method, a secret key is also stored in the .Xauthority file. The client creates a string by concatenating the current time, a transport-dependent identifier, and the cookie, encrypts the resulting string, and sends it to the server.
The xauth application is a utility for accessing the .Xauthority file. The environment variable XAUTHORITY can be defined to override the name and location of that cookie file.
The Inter-Client Exchange (ICE) Protocol implemented by the Inter-Client Exchange Library for direct communication between X11 clients uses the same MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1 authentication method, but has its own iceauth utility for accessing its own .ICEauthority file, the location of which can be overridden with the environment variable ICEAUTHORITY. ICE is used, for example, by DCOP and the X Session Management protocol (XSMP).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_authorization

Fetch the magic cookie entry relevant to your local display:
[garth@server1 ~]$ echo xauth add xauth list ${DISPLAY#localhost}
xauth add server1.localdomain/unix:12 MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1 2928a6e16b7d6d57041dcee632764b72
Switch user to "oracle" and add the entry into your /home/oracle/.Xauthority file (by copying the ‘xauth add…´ line from above:

[garth@server1 ~]$ sudo su - oracle
[oracle@server1 garth]$ echo $DISPLAY
localhost:12.0
[oracle@server1 garth]$ xauth add server1.localdomain/unix:12 MIT-MAGIC-COOKIE-1 2928a6e16b7d6d57041dcee632764b72
xauth: creating new authority file /home/oracle/.Xauthority

After this your X-session should work…try something like "xcalc" or "firefox" to test it first and you should be ready to go!
http://www.snapdba.com/2013/02/ssh-x-11-forwarding-and-magic-cookies/

Also use ssh to allow secure X connections. This has the advantage of also being transparent to the end user, and means that no unencrypted data flows across the network.

Also disable any remote connections to your X server by using the ´-nolisten tcp´ option to your X server. This will prevent any network connections to your server over tcp sockets.
Take a look at the Xsecurity man page for more information on X security. The safe bet is to use xdm to login to your console and then use ssh to go to remote sites on which you wish to run X programs.
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Security-HOWTO/password-security.html#AEN698

kdm: /usr/share/config/kdm/kdmrc

...
AllowNullPasswd=false
AllowRootLogin=false
AllowShutdown=None
AutoReLogin=false
...
ServerArgsLocal=-deferglyphs 16 -nolisten tcp
...

X11: Graphic card adjustments, especially for opengl- and SDL-games
Adjustment influences system and graphic card.
BIOS-Setup: Northbridge -> COMBO-mode
Start driconf (hardware see data sheed)
Activate:
1) performance
+ synchronisation follows the verticale frequency rate, so that programs choose the minimal one
+ buffer object reuse: Enable reuse of all size of buffered objects
2 ) display (screen) quality
+ activate S3TC texture compression, even if unsupported by software
3) on failures
+ activate the immediate emptyting of the batch buffer each call for char
+ activate the immediate empying of the GPU-buffer
+ disable throttling on first batch after flush
+ force GLSL extension default behavior to "warn"
+ disable backslash-based line continuation in GLSL-source
+ disable dual source blending
+ perform code generation at shader link time

Deny administrative remote access
/etc/security/access.conf should be changed the way, that a remote access into an administrative account becomes impossible. By this user have to start the program su (or sudo) for administrative rights, so that there is always a track to check.
Add the following line into /etc/security/access.conf:

-:wheel:ALL EXCEPT LOCAL

Do not forget to activate pam-module each service (or the standard configuration), if you want changings within /etc/security/access.conf get noticed.
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch4.de.html

How to Check Password Expiration of User
In Linux, user´s passwords are stored in ´/etc/shadow´ file in encrypted format. To check password expiration of user´s, you need to use ´chage´ command. It displays information of password expiration details along with last password change date. These details are used by system to decide when a user must change his/her password. To view any existing user´s aging information such as expiry date and time, use the following command.

#chage -l username
To change password aging of any user, use the following command.
#chage -M 60 username
#chage -M 60 -m 7 -W 7 userName
Parameters
-M Set maximum number of days
-m Set minimum number of days

Quelle: https://www.tecmint.com/linux-server-hardening-security-tips/

Checking Accounts for Empty Passwords
Any account having an empty password means its opened for unauthorized access to anyone on the web and it´s a part of security within a Linux server. So, you must make sure all accounts have strong passwords and no one has any authorized access. Empty password accounts are security risks and that can be easily hackable. To check if there were any accounts with empty password, use the following command.

cat /etc/shadow | awk -F: ´($2==""){print $1}´

https://www.tecmint.com/linux-server-hardening-security-tips/

Keep a (daily) watch onlog-files (for example with logwatch) as much as the last logins in /var/log/lastlog
With the help of the command lastlog the content from /var/log/lastlog can be transferred into a readable format.
https://www.stefanux.de/wiki/doku.php/linux/hardening

Services should not run as root-processes
deactivate services not needed (smalling the place for attacks): check out opened ports
netstat -lnptu
Internetsuperserver
veralteter inetd noch nötig?
xinetd sicher konfigurieren
(gefährdete) Dienste absichern:
nur auf einer bestimmten IP lauschen, auf andere Ports wechseln
evtl. Port-knocking einsetzen (Beispiel SSH)
Bind mit chroot
sicheren FTP-Server einsetzen: vsftp oder pure-ftpd
unsichere Dienste nicht für kritische Aufgaben (Login) zulassen:
FTP
Telnet
veraltete r-Dienste (rsh, rlogin, …)
nur notwendige Benutzerkonten einrichten
regelmäßig die Passwörter der Benutzer auf unsichere Passwörter überprüfen
leere Passwörter nicht erlauben
Kernel absichern
eigenen (minimalen) Kernel bauen
Integritätschecker, z.B. tripwire als cronjob laufen lassen. Die Signaturen sollten auf einem sicheren Drittsystem gelagert werden bzw. read-only gemountet sein (z. B. auf einer CD oder Diskette mit Schreibschutz)
Die Benutzung von Shadow ist meist schon aktiviert (shadowconfig on) Protokolle (Logfiles) sichern:
Loghost einrichten oder
Logfiles absichern: Mit Secure Logging von Core-Wisdom können Sie Logfiles auch in mySQL-Datenbanken ablegen oder per Fingerabdruck gegen Veränderung sichern.
msyslogd oder
logrotate → Log per mail
regelmäßig nach suid-Programme suchen:
automatisch mit Programmen:
sxid schickt eine tägliche Report über dazugekommene suid/sgid per mail zu
manuell:
root-suids:
find / -perm -4000 2>/dev/null
allgemein suids:
find / -perm +6000
sgid-programme:
find / -perm -2000 2>/dev/null
volle Ausgabe mit allen Rechten bekommt man mit:
ls -lad --full-time ´find / -perm +6000´
Banner (Versionsnummern etc.) von Diensten abschalten
in /etc/motd die Kernelversion nicht anzeigen lassen, stattdessen Warnungen für Angreifer
SSH: Im Sourcecode
Webserver:
Logfiles studieren
Monitoring betreiben
Source: https://www.stefanux.de/wiki/doku.php/linux/hardening

SVGA
SVGAlib programs are typically SUID-root in order to access all your Linux machine´s video hardware. This makes them very dangerous. If they crash, you typically need to reboot your machine to get a usable console back. Make sure any SVGA programs you are running are authentic and can at least be somewhat trusted. Even better, don´t run them at all.
Quelle: http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Security-HOWTO/password-security.html#AEN698

GGI (Generic Graphics Interface project)
The Linux GGI project is trying to solve several of the problems with video interfaces on Linux. GGI will move a small piece of the video code into the Linux kernel, and then control access to the video system. This means GGI will be able to restore your console at any time to a known good state. They will also allow a secure attention key, so you can be sure that there is no Trojan horse login program running on your console.
http://synergy.caltech.edu/~ggi/
Source: http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Security-HOWTO/password-security.html#AEN698

Disable USB stick to detect (recommended for companies etc.)
Many times it happens that we want to restrict users from using USB stick in systems to protect and secure data from stealing. Create a file ´/etc/modprobe.d/no-usb´ and adding below line will not detect USB storage.

install usb-storage /bin/true

https://www.tecmint.com/linux-server-hardening-security-tips/

Disbale USB/firewire/thunderbolt-devices
echo ";install usb-storage /bin/true" >> /etc/modprobe.d/disable-usb-storage.conf
echo "blacklist firewire-core" >> /etc/modprobe.d/firewire.conf
echo ";blacklist thunderbolt" >> /etc/modprobe.d/thunderbolt.conf

Once done, users can not quickly copy sensitive data to USB devices or install malware/viruses or backdoor on your Linux based system.
https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-security.html

System-Banner
Formulate any "welcome"-text after the login into the server on the system in /usr/lib/issue.net to make unwanted users really think, if to proceed or if it would be better to log out or get away..

How to Spoof a MAC Address (identifying hardware address of the ethernet card) permanently [...] A 48-bit MAC address (e.g., 08:4f:b5:05:56:a0) is a globally unique identifier associated with a physical network interface, which is assigned by a manufacturer of the corresponding network interface card. Higher 24 bits in a MAC address (also known as OUI or "Organizationally Unique Identifier") uniquely identify the organization which has issued the MAC address, so that there is no conflict among all existing MAC addresses.
While a MAC address is a manufacturer-assigned hardware address, it can actually be modified by a user. This practice is often called "MAC address spoofing." In this tutorial, I am going to show how to spoof the MAC address of a network interface on Linux.
Why Spoof a MAC Address?
There could be several technical reasons you may want to change a MAC address. Some ISPs authenticate a subscriber´s Internet connection via the MAC address of their home router. Suppose your router is just broken in such a scenario. While your ISP re-establishes your Internet access with a new router, you could temporarily restore the Internet access by changing the MAC address of your computer to that of the broken router.
Many DHCP servers lease IP addresses based on MAC addresses. Suppose for any reason you need to get a different IP address via DHCP than the current one you have. Then you could spoof your MAC address to get a new IP address via DHCP, instead of waiting for the current DHCP lease to expire who knows when.
Technical reasons aside, there are also legitimate privacy and security reasons why you wish to hide your real MAC address. Unlike your layer-3 IP address which can change depending on the networks you are connected to, your MAC address can uniquely identify you wherever you go. Call me a paranoid, but you know what this means to your privacy. There is also an exploit known as piggybacking, where a hacker snoops on your MAC address on a public WiFi network, and attempts to impersonate you using your MAC address while you are away.
[...] If you want to spoof your MAC address permanently across reboots, you can specify the spoofed MAC address in interface configuration files. For example, if you want to change the MAC address of eth0, do the following.


macchanger: Some things have to be done: "macchanger -r eth0" suggests a random MAC-address to add into /etc/rc.local (by "macchanger --mac new-MAC-address eth0"), same in /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 and change the by this new obtained, local IP in LINFW3 (Dialog -> NONYESNO -> own IP), eventually restart the system.
On Fedora, CentOS or RHEL:

nano /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

DEVICE=eth0
MACADDR=00:00:00:00:00:01

Alternatively, you can create a custom startup script in /etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d as follows, especially if you are using Network Manager. I assume that you already installed macchanger.

nano /etc/NetworkManager/dispatcher.d/000-changemac

#!/bin/bash

case "$2" in
up)
macchanger --mac=00:00:00:00:00:01 "$1"
;;
esac

... or macchanger -r "$1" Quelle: https://xmodulo.com/spoof-mac-address-network-interface-linux.html
This might depend on the hardware. "macchanger -r eth0" can be started at the end of a dialin-script like /usr/sbin/ifup or ifup-eth too for example. The same is possible by ifconfig.

If all this does not function, try same or similar command manually by terminal after the dialin.

Find out the actual set MAC- resp. MAC-Fake-Adresse by

macchanger -s eth0 or

ifconfig

Adjustments within /etc/sysctl/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

DEVICE=eth0
# MACADRESS=....
BOOTPROTO=dhcp
ONBOOT=no # automized dialin each boot
METRIC=5
MII_NOT_SUPPORTED=yes
USERCTL=yes # user are allowed to configure the dialin and to dial in itself
DNS1=127.0.0.1
DNS2=203.13.81.14
RESOLV_MODS=yes
LINK_DETECTION_DELAY=6
IPV6INIT=no # perfer IPv4 with dynamic (changing) IP
IPV6TO4INIT=no
ACCOUNTING=no
DHCP_CLIENT=dhclient
NEEDHOSTNAME=no
PEERDNS=no
PEERYP=no
PEERNTPD=no

Resolver configuration file
File /etc/host.conf contains special information, how to configure the resolver library with a configuration keyword each line, followed by belonging configuration information.
/etc/host.conf


order hosts,bind
multi on
reorder on
nospoof on
spoofalert on

Quelle: man host.conf

NetworkManager-Configuration by /etc/NetworkManager/NetworkManager.conf:

[main]
dns=none
plugins=keyfile
dhcp=dhclient
rc-manager=unmanaged

[ifupdown]
managed=false

[logging]
level=error
domains=none

More (secure) configurations of he NetworkManager by NetworkManager.conf see https://developer.gnome.org/NetworkManager/1.11/NetworkManager.conf.html

Deactivate NIS
... in order to avoid password-sharing. For this, LDAP is recommended.

Sicheres finger
Es gibt viele finger-Daemon, als besonders sicher gilt ffingerd. Hier kann die Anzahl der zur selben Zeit laufenden Prozesse und die Anzahl der darauf zugreifenden Hosts limitiert und das verfügbare Interface eingegrenzt werden.

Sichere Nutzung von PCs unter Ubuntu (und andere, Anm., Gooken)- für kleine Unternehmen und Selbstständige v2.0 (PDF, 189KB, Datei ist barrierefrei⁄barrierearm), BSI, 01.08.2018
https://www.allianz-fuer-cybersicherheit.de/ACS/DE/_/downloads/BSI-CS_009.html

Guidance
EUD Security Guidance: Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
Created: 24 Jul 2018
Updated: 24 Jul 2018
https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/guidance/eud-security-guidance-ubuntu-1804-lts

paxctld von grsecurity.net (Aufruf paxctld in /etc/rc.local mit "paxctld -c /etc/paxctld.conf -d -p /var/run/paxctld"
https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Project:Hardened/PaX_Quickstart
/etc/paxctld.conf (allowed is s,r,p,m and E)
e,E - https://pax.grsecurity.net/docs/emutramp.txt
m,M - http://pax.grsecurity.net/docs/mprotect.txt
p,P - http://pax.grsecurity.net/docs/pageexec.txt
r,R - http://pax.grsecurity.net/docs/randmmap.txt
s,S - http://pax.grsecurity.net/docs/segmexec.txt
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Grsecurity/Additional_Utilities

#gdb
# /usr/bin/gdb srpm

# steam
# /usr/lib32/ld-linux.so.2 m
# /usr/lib64/ld-linux.so.2 m

# node
# /usr/bin/node m
# /usr/bin/perf m

# firefox
# /usr/lib64/firefox/firefox m
# /usr/lib64/palemoon/palemoon m

# tor-browser
# /home/toruser/tor*/Browser/firefox m

# /usr/lib64/thunderbird/thunderbird m

# oxide
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/oxide-qt/oxide-renderer m

# valgrind
/usr/bin/valgrind m

# python
/usr/bin/python E
/usr/bin/python2.6 E
/usr/bin/python2.7 E
/usr/bin/python3.2mu E

# java
# /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun-1.6.0.10/jre/bin/java m
# /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-sun-1.6.0.10/jre/bin/javaws m
# /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk/jre/bin/java m
# /usr/lib/jvm/java-6-openjdk/jre/bin/java m
# /usr/lib/jvm/java-8-openjdk/jre/bin/java m
# /usr/lib/jvm/oracle-jdk-bin-1.8/bin/java m
# /usr/lib/jvm/oracle-jdk-bin-1.8/jre/bin/java m
# /usr/lib/jvm/zulu-8-amd64/bin/java m

# openrc /lib/rc/bin/lsb2rcconf E

# tuned
# /usr/sbin/tuned m

# libreoffice
# Ubuntu doesn´t seem to carry this patch:
# https://bz.apache.org/ooo/show_bug.cgi?id=80816
# libreoffice will still run fine without the below line,
# but it will report an RWX mprotect attempt
# /usr/lib/libreoffice/program/soffice.bin m

Lock virtual consoles except tty7 by default
/etc/inittab, comment in:
...
# Run gettys in standard runlevels
#1:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty1
#2:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty2
#3:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty3
#4:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty4
#5:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty5
#6:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty6
...

Start as few root-processes as possible!

Remaining essential root-processes except those started by kernel (kthreadd):


init
X # xhost-access-control or run in usermode, see https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Non_root_Xorg, and X with option "--nolisten tcp" (by default, check it out by pressing keys ESC + STRL and moving mouse over process X; configuration for X: /etc/X11/xorg.conf section "ServerLayout")
hald # makes acpid superfluosly
console-kit-daemon # needed only for the login, timeout possible
wpa-supplicant # part of NetworkManager
psad # or iptables: psd, port-scan-detection; start only with securing options like --no-rdns, --no-whois and --no-snort-sids

udevd # devices and interfaces
kdm
syslogd
klogd
gpm
cupsd
dhclient # or dhcpd etc.
pam_timestamp_c
master
spamd # alternatively try bogofilter for example always running in usermode

Lost or forgotten password, no access onto the system?
The steps you need to take in order to recover from this depend on whether or not you have applied the suggested procedure for limiting access to lilo and your system´s BIOS.
If you have limited both, you need to disable the BIOS setting that only allows booting from the hard disk before proceeding. If you have also forgotten your BIOS password, you will have to reset your BIOS by opening the system and manually removing the BIOS battery.
Once you have enabled booting from a CD-ROM or diskette enable, try the following:

Boot-up from a rescue disk and start the kernel

Go to the virtual console (Alt+F2)

Mount the hard disk where your /root is

Edit (Debian 2.2 rescue disk comes with the editor ae, and Debian 3.0 comes with nano-tiny which is similar to vi) /etc/shadow and change the line:

root:asdfjl290341274075:XXXX:X:XXXX:X::: (X=any number)

to:

root::XXXX:X:XXXX:X:::

This will remove the forgotten root password, contained in the first colon separated field after the user name. Save the file, reboot the system and login with root using an empty password. Remember to reset the password. This will work unless you have configured the system more tightly, i.e. if you have not allowed users to have null passwords or not allowed root to login from the console.
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch12.de.html

Checking file system integrity
Are you sure /bin/login on your hard drive is still the binary you installed there some months ago? What if it is a hacked version, which stores the entered password in a hidden file or mails it in clear-text version all over the Internet?
The only method to have some kind of protection is to check your files every hour/day/month (I prefer daily) by comparing the actual and the old md5sum of this file. Two files cannot have the same md5sum (the MD5 digest is 128 bits, so the chance that two different files will have the same md5sum is roughly one in 3.4e3803), so you´re on the safe site here, unless someone has also hacked the algorithm that creates md5sums on that machine. This is, well, extremely difficult and very unlikely. You really should consider this auditing of your binaries as very important, since it is an easy way to recognize changes at your binaries.
Common tools used for this are sxid, aide (Advanced Intrusion Detection Environment), tripwire, integrit and samhain. Installing debsums will also help you to check the file system integrity, by comparing the md5sums of every file against the md5sums used in the Debian package archive. But beware: those files can easily be changed by an attacker and not all packages provide md5sums listings for the binaries they provided. For more information please read Do periodic integrity checks, Section 10.2 and Taking a snapshot of the system, Section 4.19.
You might want to use locate to index the whole filesystem, if so, consider the implications of that. The Debian findutils package contains locate which runs as user nobody, and so it only indexes files which are visible to everybody. However, if you change its behaviour you will make all file locations visible to all users. If you want to index all the filesystem (not the bits that the user nobody can see) you can replace locate with the package slocate. slocate is labeled as a security enhanced version of GNU locate, but it actually provides additional file-locating functionality. When using slocate, the user only sees the actually accessible files and you can exclude any files or directories on the system. The slocate package runs its update process with higher privledges than locate, and indexes every file. Users are then able to quickly search for every file which they are able to see. slocate doesn´t let them see new files; it filters the output based on your UID.
You might want to use bsign or elfsign. elfsign provides an utility to add a digital signature to an ELF binary and a second utility to verify that signature. The current implementation uses PKI to sign the checksum of the binary. The benefits of doing this are that it enables one to determine if a binary has been modified and who created it. bsign uses GPG, elfsign uses PKI (X.509) certificates (OpenSSL).
https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/securing-debian-howto/ch4.en.html

Solution: encryption of the root-partition, see Full System Encryption (FSE)

Lifetime hardware, conductor pathes: secured contacts on graphic cards, boards and platines
Sounds like it is our last advice (but of course it isn´t), not to forget to put some chalk into the computer tower inside. The trick is to keep contacts on mainboard including graphic-chip resp. graphic card and other electronic devices always rust-proof and save from moisture!

Remove online accounts of internet service provider
Phishing, profiling, spam, data handling, investigations by law, organized criminality, secret agencies, ad networks, large server farms, artificial intelligence, social bots, hacks, doxxing, honeypots, man-in-the-middle-attacks, ...: Before starting with the installation of "Universal Linux 2010" resp. before going to update programs and system, try to remove as much online-accounts as possible, that means as making sense for you: social media, Google, paypal, online banking, online shopping, ... This might become quit difficult: So read out belonging manuals and follow the instructions. For still existing accounts security settings should be made serious hard after the logins into the online portals.

Allround-protection through iptables-firewall Linfw3
Linfw3 can be downloaded during further below. With Linfw3 all hacker and all trojans can be blocked, if only the user like surfuser within a group like surfgroup are allowed the password protected start of processes going online into the net. Even superuser root resp. uid 0 belongs to all the user, who are not allowed going online, only processes started by (surfuser) of group (surfgroup). By this, programs can go online in a very easy way, after belonging ports once got opened in Linfw3. This is the main advantage. The next advantage: All passwords except the ones for the LUKS-encrypted root partition get irrelevant - even if others know them! The access rights for files should be set local for each user only onto <=700 ( what can be done automatically per "umask 077" within /etc/fstab, manually by chmod or graphically through the context menu). The last risk remains in the Chrooting, settings by msec like "Forbid root-access", "Forbid extern access for root/forbid chrooting" and/or Sandbox firejail prevent by locking the consoles of the user accounts (including root (uid 0, gid 0), but except surfuser). Even the shell-login of all system- and user-accounts except surfuser can be restricted to /sbin/nologin too - no login possible. This can be done with msec_gui or by a special UNIX/Linux-(bash-)command). ACL-access-control (request by getfacl, settings by setfacl) can restrict processes owned (started) by surfuser access on all kind of (exectuable) files too. Scripts over once opened (established) net-connections can be blocked by Firefox-Extensions ABP, noscript and RequestPolicyBlockedContinued resp. Firefox >= 64 with mechanisms against Cross-Site-Tracking/-Scripting and all other kind of tracking. Beneath this, the Port-Scan-Detektor psad or psd of iptables activated by Linfw3 does its best too! And do not forget FSE (Full System Encryption by LUKS/dm-crypt) thinking of the command mount and therefore also cryptsetup (LUKS) including such chroot... All in all the remaining risk is given only by the started root-processes from kernel from the house Linus Tovalds, although they get blocked by Linfw3 too as long as owned by root by the way already depicted. Especially one root-process envokes some distrust - X (the X-Server, including the graphic card driver), but X can be restricted by own ACl through the command xhost as described in some points from above. There it is described, howto start X with option "-nolisten tcp" and that X can also be started in normal usermode. To get total paranoid, MAC (control resp. restriction of process interaction) might interest too - but that really mustn´t.
This excurs specifies Linfw3, firejail, ACL-Access Control Lists, MAC, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS, if needed), important Firefox-Extensions upon opened connections and further methods later on, past the section for updating.

Regardless from all Linux-distributions, one and the same Linux gets installed package by package, although this might not possible for each distribution as a fault of their specific architectures (library-structure and so on).

We would prefer the most complete Linux by electing certain distributions getting mixed to call it slackware either by installing a brandnew distribution to mix it up after getting updated or by the backport concept we are going to describe here.
Linux resp. (backported) "Universal-Linux" can origin in mdv2010.1 for example. It is updated long-termed and consequently with Fedora Project (fc), especially CentOS 6 (el6) and CentOS 7 (el7) resp. Scientific Linux (sl6/el6, sl7/el7) and fc -> EPEL (el6, el7) and other el6/sl6 and el7/sl7, where each source package is listed directly under the binary one on pkgs.org. It finally managed to stop leaving rubbish over rubbish of packages from all the outworn over outworn distribution behind. The speciality for the backport-concept is, that almost one and the same version with its own releases get patched over patched in many cases for the same version by new releases, what is marked in the rpm-package name behind the point at the end of the package name, until the intern code does its work stable and secure. So one and the same package-version of the same release got fixed resp. picked out and overworked and overworked until security and functionality (as amost the best sign for security) are given, leading to new releases to one and the same versions. Nevertheless the version might differ resp. change in some, quit seldom cases too.

Secure Programming HOWTO, David A. Wheeler, 2015-09-19
This book provides a set of design and implementation guidelines for writing secure programs. Such programs include application programs used as viewers of remote data, web applications (including CGI scripts), network servers, and setuid/setgid programs. Specific guidelines for C, C++, Java, Perl, PHP, Python, Tcl, and Ada95 are included. It especially covers Linux and Unix based systems, but much of its material applies to any system. For a current version of the book, see http://www.dwheeler.com/secure-programs
https://dwheeler.com/secure-programs/Secure-Programs-HOWTO/index.html

SuSE:
Suse Doc: Deployment Guide - Backporting Source Code
SUSE uses backports extensively. The information in this section helps you understand, why it can be deceptive to compare version numbers in order to judge ...
www.suse.com/documentation/sled11/book_sle_deployment/data/sec_update_backports.html

Debian:
Debian richtet neues Backports-Repositorium ein - Pro-Linux
Mit dem neuen Repositorium "lenny-backports-sloppy" stehen Debian-Anwendern künftig aktualisierte Programme ohne große Risiken und Mühen zur Verfügung. www.pro-linux.de/news/1/16241/debian-richtet-neues-backports-repositorium-ein.html

This backporting is provided for CentOS for more than 10 years (CentOS 6: from year 2010 until year 2026), accompanied by CentOS 7 (until 2027).
Installed Linux can be completed to talk about this one and only Linux by installing packages from many other distributions too.
You can read more about CentOS and this fact in our section for Updates.
Alternatively you can order this complete mdv2010 already in an FSE-encrypted form (full system encryption by dracut and LUKS) preinstalled on SSD, where all updates past the update expiration time of mdv2010 including those from CentOS el7 and el6 are already installed. Now, just unpack the tarball of an actual Firefox (actual or actual ESR, extended security release from CentOS or Rosalabs) and Thunderbird (actual ESR (el6, el7)) into a directory like /usr/lib64/firefox-any-name and /usr/lib64/thunderbird-any-name and link the executable files /usr/bin/firefox by the command "ln -sf /usr/lib64/firefox-any-name/firefox-bin /usr/bin/firefox" to update firefox in future following the firefox-INFO-menu. We are going to describe the update of Firefox (and Konqueror) explicitly further below. At last you care for a more or less actual GNU C standard library (glibc(pclos)), for this purpose we tested mga6, ver. 2.22-29 form 17. June 2018. Of course all already installed glibc-packages can be upgraded to mga6 (2.22-29) or higher) or main glibc-package (mga6) with all other glibc-packages coming from el6.

We decided us for kernel 5.4.110 (pclos) with mkinitrd (pclos, rosa, mga2), nash (pclos, rosa, mga2), dracut (mga6: version 044, el6: version 004 (leads into manual LUKS-password request even in the case of existing password-key-file!, mdv2011: version 008)) on the base of the GNU C Standard Library glibc-2.31 (pclos), glibc-2.22 (mga6) out of:

glibc (el8, pclos, mga6), glibc-headers (el8), glibc-common (el8), glibc-utils (el8), glibc-all-langpacks (el8), libc6 (rosa2016.1, rosa2014.1), compat-glibc (el6), glib2.0-common (pclos, el6), glibc-i18ndata (pclos, mga6), glibc-headers (pclos, el6), glibc-static (el6), glibc-utils (pclos, mga6), glibc-profile (pclos, mga6), glibc-glibc_lsb (rosa2016.1, rosa2014.1), locales (pclos, mga6), glib2 (el6), prelink (mga6, mga7, mga5, pclos, rosa2016.1, rosa2014.1), lib64stdc++ (pclos, mga6) or (and this is our tested-well choice:) glibc complete mga6 or: glibc (pclos, mga6 main glibc, rest-rpm: el6), libstdc++ (mga6), libsigc++ (mga6)

In order to avoid error-messages of glibc (el8) during system-boot, just remove the line LC_TIME=de_DE.UTF-8 in /etc/sysconfig/i18n ! Eventually install locales (pclos, mga7, mga6), locales-en, locales-de, ... too.

additionally, but be careful, miroplayer (el6) and the MCC-printer-administration might not work anymore: lib64glib2 (rosa2014.1), lib64gio2 (rosa2014.1), lib64gobjet2 (rosa2014.1), lib64gmodule2 (rosa2014.1). If they do not, reinstall glib2 (el6) and glib2.0-common (el6).

You can get all such glibc-packages from pkgs.org and rpmfind.net without any problems, but the new filesystem of glibc for mga3 since version 2.17 consists of new linked directories in directory root named /bin, /sbin, /lib and /lib64, so that all of their files have to be copied into equal named directories of /usr: /usr/bin, /usr/sbin, /usr/lib and /usr/lib64. This can cause programs like terminal "konsole" not working anymore, so that the cursor remains in the upper left corner of the started terminal, to think about other terminals like the recommended xterm and the very secure rated but no unicode supporting aterm and the next step to do like installing package (rpm) shadow-utils. Konsole is still functioning only, after devpts is mounted in the device-configuration-file /etc/fstab. This can be done by the following entry:

none /dev/pts devpts mode=620,gid=5

with gid for tty and in the user-administration of MCC set user to a member of group tty,wheel,lp. Now it is possible to install many packages from more actual distributions like not only mdv2011 and mdv2012, but also Mageia Cauldron 1 up to 4 and especially Fedora Project resp. CentOS 6.8 el6 (release: 2010, modificiaton release date (rpm) CentOS- resp. SL-release: 03.08.2015) and el7 (in the last two cases with update-guarantees until year 2026).Now software-packages are provided by rpmfind.net and pkgs.org for CentOS (resp. el6, el7, Scientificlinux (sl6, el6), ALT Linux, Repoforge (el6.rf), CERT Forensics Tools, PUIAS Computational, KBS Extras Testing, P.N., Nux Dextop (el6.nux), Rpmforge (el6.rf), Epel (el6), Atomix, Russian Fedora (el6.ru), NauLinux School (el6.nau), Nau Linux Extras, LinuxTECH und Ghettoforge (el6.gf)), Mandriva mdv2010, mdv2011, mdv2012, Mageia5 down to Mageia 1, Rosa2014.1, Rosa2012.1, newest Fedora, OpenSuSE and Tarballs and programs for any other OS to emulate from everywhere. With el6 and el6 you can follow the Gentoo-GLSA (https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/ ) update security list. We list each package in our section for updates. This all can also be made for other distributions, annoying, if not. Folllowing our steps, this OpenSource-System full of device-driver can be made incomparible secure, while the iptables-firewall Linfw3 bewares the central meaning. For more details, please follow the details from our excurs as follows, especially in the section for updates. For this please notice, that one should not be forgotten: to make 1:1-backups during the installation process on at least one extern storage media, especially by command dd.

report from 21.10.2004, last update: 06.23.2017. If you can not see a menu on the left side, please click here.

Time for the system boot < 1 second

It was long ago, year 2010, my computer satisfied my needs, even in future. Soon you will agree. You can not make more secure what is secure, same by versatile and who really follows this report by an everlasting, 100% secure computer-system including a ultraslim 18W-WLED-Monitor (TÜV certified) for about 200€ power-consumption 20 up to 40W only, all for about 200 &euro. Many other models might interest too. On our linksites section for "News&Links" ( we even found out Rasperry Pi 3 and especally C.H.I.P., a 3-W-computer for 9&euro;, a model with much memory and as powerful as the smartphone. Further on we are going to present an independent from defragmentation and (included) virus-scanner and so on most secure Mandriva-Linux-computer-sytem from kiosks for only some Euro in year 2010, that is able to manage quit all one can imagine, because of its covering software seized in about more than 65 GB (15 DVD) quit for free. Not only the suspend-mode is working on our hardware, where the complete monitor gets "suspended", whenever you choose the resting mode resp. state (similar to the poweroff-state by hardware), Gooken of the computer tower blinks and Mandriva (2010) turns off all devices except RAM, in order to

"boot" the complete system in less than one second after pressing the powerbutton of your computer tower!

If this does not function, update acpid to at least 2.0.4 or el6. For these two suspend modes including hibernate of all in all four modes make yourself sure, that ACPI_2.0 is activated in the BIOS, that the SWAP-partition is sized by around 2 GB and that all USB-devices like usb-memory-stick are plugged out (umounted, umount and unplugged). Now the green LED of the computer-tower is blinking for mainboards like ITX-220 (details see data-sheed). Envoke the system again by pressing the power-buttom of the computer tower. Now a password request out of the OpenGL-screensaver (also used for the case of screen-locking) is made, but only if activated within power-management of systemsettings.

Here once again all energy saving modes (suspend modes) under "Universal Linux 2010" (backported system) in detail:
- blanked screen, readiness (passive) - dark blanked screen. Some power is already saved by this.
- locked screen - OpenGL-screensaver with user-password request - protection during all the (almost short kept) time, a user abandons the computer. Power is still consumpted, until power saving modes might get into effect.
- abandoned / suspended - The monitor is powered off (almost automatically after a some time set), but awakes again with the user activity like mouse-move, mouseclick or any keystroke. Saved power: 18 Watt monitor-power- consumption
- hibernation - the actual state gets saved into the SWAP-file, the computer seems to be "powered off completely" , while the BIOS blinks the green LED at the computer tower, but an awake resp. the backup of the state right before is possible by pressing the power-on/off-buttom of the computer-tower. After the awake, the user-password is requested to go on working with the computer in the state right before, if determined by the power-management of systemsettings; saved power: quit all 37 Watt.
- deep sleep - another kind of hibernation or similar to it, but the data is written onto the hard-drive resp. SSD. All internet connections (network manager) got closed after the awake in both last hibernation modes, so they have to build up again.

The following terminal-command
sudo rtcwake -m off -s 60
is well to test, if the hardware does support the "fast boot" (x86-hardware almost does, ARM-Rechner does it not always). Der Schalter "-m" bestimmt den ACPI-Modus. Mögliche Werte sind "standby", "mem", "disk" oder "off" (komplettes Ausschalten). Als zweiter Parameter ist hier "-s" ("seconds") mit einer nachfolgenden Zeitangabe in Sekunden angegeben. Der obige Testbefehl wird also das System herunterfahren und nach einer Minute neu starten (60 Sekunden). Obwohl mit Schalter "-t" ("time) auch exakte Zeitangaben möglich ist, empfehlen wir, den geplanten Neustart immer mit Parameter "-s" anzugeben. Es ist wenig Mühe, etwa zehn Stunden in Sekunden umzurechnen (10*3600=36 000).
Um Shutdown und Start zu automatisieren, kommt der Zeitplaner Cron ins Spiel: Nach dem Aufruf der Crontab-Editors mit
sudo crontab -e
schaltet folgender Eintrag
0 22 * * * /usr/sbin/rtcwake -m off -s 36000
den Rechner täglich um 22:00 Uhr ab und startet ihn nach 36 000 Sekunden (zehn Stunden) wieder - exakt um 8:00 Uhr.
https://www.pcwelt.de/ratgeber/Linux-Systemstart-beschleunigen-so-geht-s-8259105.html

And... much happened: incredible 38 Gigabyte Traffic with our websites last month April without making ads: Computer age without aging, no platform without fundamental IT security, so be welcome on the excurs for IT-security from Gooken on Gooken.de as a significant contribute to the successful interplay of informatics and society!

Now you can resign from things, that the world does not need! So everything is already authorized on DVD mdk2004 - except some special software like Nasa-moon-watch perhaps. After waiting quit the same long time, hardware fulfills important criteria too.

Starting Situation

Whoever posseses a "(mirolike) suneater" (a computer), one theme can interest: security. "Earlier so-called cybercriminals immobilized foreign calculators by computer-viruses, today the data thieves strip of whole bank accounts (by credit-card-betrayal, cracking of chips, debit entries, emails like scams, skumming, hacking and phishing");, wrote the press even after the millennium change. Eyes Since George Orwell we discuss the phenomenon of the Big Brother as someone trying to find out our habits, in order to achieve the aims for his few interests groups. Can´t enumerate all this: Spied offices and toilettes, cams in banks, in railway-stations and airports, right in front of petrol stations and bank automats: The eyes and ears of the big brother seem to be everywhere. Worlds get handicraft and abused (by censoring not fitting facts, opinions and views) .Trains were getting late, delrailed, while planes, cars and ships crashed or sank. Power supply systems had their blackouts, user konterminated by elements from platines and therefore got irrediated by the normal use of hardware, see postings form newsgroups cited and linked on our linkside. Significant preparations against thunder-storms were not made. Prices for power supply drifted. Votings were not encountered right. Opinions got suppressed and manipulated by positionings within search engines and legitimating rules, in some cases their listings took more into effect than prepunishment registers of criminal courts, unmanned airoplanes threatened with shooting us, corruption escalated.

Once, in year 2003, SuSE Linux 7.3 appears including four printed out manuals: one reference, one for the programs, one for networks, but still the market share for Linux except for server reached less than 10 percent. Linux has got the right intellectual touch, many people do not like. The handbooks interest a lot, but did not explain, how to create and manage a really secure computer system. Upon the base of a software surface covering distirbution like mdv-Linux from year 2010 we dare to say it managed us to do so by this excurs resp. report. This mdv also makes it possibles to emulate other popular operating systems on the platform of powersaving but ergonomic fast working hardware. Even diversified games for this distribution understand to convice us very much, many of them are running upon OpenGL and SDL. Nice to notice, and what is interesting most: They and all Software of this distribution do really, really run! See how risky other operating systems had been constituted, for not many people did believe us before it all happened with them:

Focus:de, February 2015: "Also unreal e-mails from betrayer and cyber-criminals are well known, it is a matter of a few seconds we click on such emails to make it happen. As soon as such email do open, we forbode this email not to be sent only to us. Dangerous viruses can take into effect (prevention: UNIX-Linux filesystems, spam-filter with a first virus-scanner like spamassassin and clamav prevent the propagation of viruses). The second next mistake is to open the atteachments and links too. Cyper-Criminals can rob millons of email-addresses by data-robbery. Inourdays plenty of time is spent online to be reachable so that we can get abused. The problem to protect the increasing amount of data becomes day by day more difficult Fingerprints are left in emails, by online-shopping (registrations, tracking-scripts), whats-app-news and more."

Viruses, trojans, worms, bots: 40 percent of the computers are "zombies", Focus, 02.03.2014
The amout is alarming: 40 percent of all PC in Germany are infectedt and can be remoted by cybercriminals. Once set free, malware opens the backdoorr for more abuse. How to protect: The amount of infected computer increased last year up to 40 percent, confirmed the Anti-Botnet-Support-Center of the internet community Eco. More than 220.000 computer with old browser-versions have been scanned. This forwards to trojans and viruses. In many cases, the first varmint opens the door for more infecitons, describes the community. "Zombie-computers" could be remoted. Infected so colled "zombie-computers" could be remoted by cybercriminals. "Their systems are engaged as part of networks, that are abused by criminals for abuse like spam-transfer or denial-of-service-attacks, leading to die immense harms", described Markus Schaffrin, the ECO security expert. The result is alarming, said Eco. For more security, a well configured firewall and anti-virus-scanner remained essential. Focus explains, how you can find the best virus-scanner (we, Gooken, think it´s clamav. This open sourced scanner is always checked well, as he can be installed on all popular operating systems).

Linux does not work? How you can solve every driver-problem, PC-WELT.de, 04.07.2017
Linux runs on quit all PC and notebooks, but not each hardware periphery is recognized automatically. For new devices some problems are possible.
[...] Linux-distributions provide a wide hardware support and run on quit all PC. With SATA, ethernet, graphic-card and monitor as much as mouse and keyboard there are no problems at all awaiting. Those basic functions should be warranted each case.
Elder printer, scanner or tv-cards without driver for Windows 7, 8 or 10 can often be reused for Linux, but for very new or seldom devices sometimes there is no support pregiven. Before the installation tests for hardware-compatibility should be made.
Report in german language onle: https://www.pcwelt.de/ratgeber/So-bringen-Sie-Linux-trotz-Probleme-zum-Laufen-9789269.html

New nvidia-driver cause system-breakdowns, PCWelt.de, 10.03.2016
Nvidia´s new graphic card driver 364.47 cause serious hard problems for some PC-user. Concered user can do the following: http://www.pcwelt.de/news/Neue-Nvidia-Treiber-364.47-sorgen-fuer-Abstuerze-9943889.html .

Even a supergau in Fukoshima took place! Even have a look onto the section for "News&Links" from our left menu! If we follow such reports, we remind of emergancies, catastrophes and incalculatable payments. Since computer-technique seems to be part in almost everything (Na/ST), it and the companies behind seem to be quit liable for all, in person also see our linkside....! One question seems to be central:

Do we reign computers, or do computer reign us?

Computing begins, where it ends

Green LED vs. red LED: "Yes, I think I´am OK vs. yes, I think I am (the) stupid idiot (while our own system signs: "..." with one very short blinking point more or less periodically after the other one in around two up to ten seconds, asking the user back for "any complaints?", reminding him for "more activity, please..." and saying "I tell you...(heartbeats)"), what shall not confound with the three LED at the top of the num-block the keyboard saying to the user "Hi!" and "bye" resp. "out of order" (kernel-panic). All or something, that of course is not essential anymore in the case of touch-screens, and that´s the naked truth. The own computer should be no disadvantage and not stand for riscs (red LED) without loosing his advantages and opportunites (green LED). Computer systems should not think about themselves, that they are stupid for all, by making themselves work with capacities reducing and control wresting self-checks for virus-scans, bot-processes, bugs (program-errors), processes of trojans and self-maintenances as the cause of their technical unjustifiance. This is almost self-signaled by the blinking orange or red LED of the computer-tower. A solution far from MS Windows is found since year 2004 resp. 2010: Gooken does present even more a (classical, quit everlasting) computer-system on lowest costs with quit all software almost in top-graphic running as secure and stable without much blinking of the red LED as computer can! In spite of red marked text and our linksite you become a witness of the eight wonder of the world named "the almost 100% security bewaring computer running on lowest cost, where there is quit no software of rubriques of all kind missing", even not of games and TOP-games! Please do not forget to read our linksites from the left menu section "News&Links" These linksites contribute to the right understanding of the work with the computer and, although we are going to provide the promised security by this excurs, many remaining threatenings from the outside are still awaiting! For security studies for MS Windows, please have a look upon News&Links too.

Very past installation phase, a system almost free from security-leaks, maintenance and administration will be provided. The only thing one has to do from time to time is, to install some actual updates.

MS Windows "Replacement": Windows-Emulation by virtualbox, VM, qemu, xen, mingw and wine (mdv2010), same for MAC-OSX by BasiliskII and Amiga by uae and so on

Through wine, winecfg and at last playonlinux of mdv2010 emulation of software running on MS Windows (98, XP, 7, ... ) including MSOffice and Internet Explorer 6 up to actually 8 is not the problem anymore (although in our opinion with the well-equipped mdv2010 we need much or anything of it...). More than 100 Top-Games: see our data sheed.

Frontend playonlinux presents software, that can be installed groupwise like accessories, development, education, games, graphics, internet, entertainment, office and others and offers the following software in detail beneath many other one to install:
MS Office, MS Word Viewer, Intenet Explorer, 6 up to (actually) 8, Google Picasa, WowApp, 7-Zip, Ultimateencoder, Amazon Kindle, Azuon, Cadstd Lite, PDU Spy, Photofiltre Studio X, Dreamweaver, Codeblocks, Flashplayer, Flash 8, Flash MX, Notepad++, Graph, Teach2000, Simultit, Rocket Reader, Huckel 95, Adobe Photoshop, Fireworks8, Microsoft Paint and more, more than hundred games see our data sheed!

playonlinux installs different Wine32 and Wine64 depending on the programms chosen.

It also offers installation of any setup.exe regardless from the download out of the internet, that means from harddrive or CD/DVD too.

Installation
Wine: How to use the Windows-Replacement in Linux, PCWelt.de, 08.11.2015
Wine is a a clone of the Windows-API with many windows-programs to run under Linux too. Whenever functioning, it is in opposite to virtualization (virtualbox, Xen, qemu, ... ) the more direct way: http://www.pcwelt.de/ratgeber/Wine-So-nutzen-Sie-Wine-als-Windows-Ersatz-9790018.html, zahlreiche Top-Games aus playonlinux siehe unter Datenblatt.

PCWelt also presents security tipps for the user, PCWelt.de, 03.08.2015 and 22.08.2015

Create your VPN (private internet tunnel)
Most public WLAN-net are - as already told by name - public. Hacker, equipped even with only a few programs, can "catch" the traffiic from the next area. Although it is useful to provide more security by calling websites per https in the address-line of a browser, it is not the best solution. A private network (VPN) should be used, in order to provide an encrypted data-tunnel between your device and the internet. There do exist versions of such programs for free like "Hide My Ass", "Hotspot Shield" and "Tunnel Bear"- a payed VPN belongs to the better alternatives (or use the real secure freeswan, strongswan, openvpn or openswan). The versions to pay like Hide My Ass cost 40 € the year for example and protectis not only your PCs but also your mobile devices.

libreswan (rpm): "Libreswan is a free implementation of IPsec & IKE for Linux. IPsec is the Internet Protocol Security and uses strong cryptography to provide both authentication and encryption services. These services allow you to build secure tunnels through untrusted networks. Everything passing through the untrusted net is encrypted by the ipsec gateway machine and decrypted by the gateway at the other end of the tunnel. The resulting tunnel is a virtual private network or VPN.
This package contains the daemons and userland tools for setting up Libreswan. To build KLIPS, see the kmod-libreswan.spec file. Libreswan also supports IKEv2 (RFC4309) and Secure Labeling. Libreswan is based on Openswan-2.6.38 which in turn is based on FreeS/WAN-2.04"

You can use a virtual private network-client for free like OpenVPN (or Freeswan, Anm., die Red.), in order to connect to a VPN-service, where you have an account, so that you can visit the internet through an encrypted access. This is a good reason for VPN, but not the only one. Maybe you do not want, that your internet provider surveys all your online-activities at home. Normally, if you go online, the provider can survey all of your activities. By VPN your internet service provider can only see the connection to the VPN. Besides from this VPN help you to bypass regional restrictions for websides like Amazon, Hulu, Netflix and BBC iPlayer. One example for a VPN-provider is the company IPredator from Schweden offering VPN-services for eight Dollar the month, keeping its connection to the famous torrent-tracking-site "The Pirate Bay". IPredator promises not store any traffic data of their user. You can also use PGP-encryption, if you contact IPredator-support per mail. One more popular VPN-provider is Private Internet Access, that promises not to protocol traffice data too. PIA costs 7 Dollar per month or 40 Dollar the whole year. PIA also helps to bypass reginal blocks in the USA, Canada, Great Britain and several countdries in continental europe. Although VPN protects your privacy, provider of websites like Facebook and Google can protocol your internet-activites. The use of your anonymous-private-mode of your browser is not caring for complete anonymity, but it keeps websites from reading out your cookies and the histroy of your browser, in order to get more to know about you. We are going to see, what we can do, comment by Gooken.

Howto configure and establish VPN-connections can be read here (in german language): http://pdf.zeit.de/digital/datenschutz/2013-01/serie-mein-digitaler-schutzschild-vpn-ipredator.pdf .

The risk remains by the VPN-provider, as he knows the IP-address - so you have to convice him. This is the central disadvantage in opposite to Tor.

I2P is a decentral network connecting users, in order to make an point-to-point- (end to end-) encryption possible. It is still under development and provides an experimental additon to other methods for encryption or anonymization.


Tor is a connection-based low-latency anonymous communication system. This package provides the "tor" program, which serves as both a client and a relay node. Scripts will automatically create a "toruser" user and group, and set tor up to run as a daemon when the system is rebooted. Applications connect to the local Tor proxy using the SOCKS protocol. The local proxy chooses a path through a set of relays, in which each relay knows its predecessor and successor, but no others. Traffic flowing down the circuit is unwrapped by a symmetric key at each relay, which reveals the downstream relay. Warnings: Tor does no protocol cleaning. That means there is a danger that application protocols and associated programs can be induced to reveal information about the initiator. Tor depends on Privoxy and similar protocol cleaners to solve this problem. This is alpha code, and is even more likely than released code to have anonymity-spoiling bugs. The present network is very small -- this further reduces the strength of the anonymity provided. Tor is not presently suitable for high-stakes anonymity., rpmfind.net about tor, 18.01.2016

Another example, why to resign from TOR is named by PCWelt.de:

"In November last year the anonymizing-network Tor started his first spend campaign. With overwhelming success. Exact 205.874 US-Dollar (around 190.262 Euro) from 5265 different givers are taken by the project Tor during six weeks. With this amount of money, the Tor project is going to reduce the dependencies from the US-government, financing Tor of about 80 up to 90 percent. As the US security agencies try to infiltrate the tor-network, it makes sense Tor making more independent from USA. Alleged the US-policei FBI spent one million dollar to an explorer of the Carnegie Mellon University, in order to help the FBI, to intrude into the anonymizing-network. The NSA is going to crack TOR too.", http://www.pcwelt.de/news/Erfolgreiche-Spendenkampagne-fuer-Anonymisierungs-Tool-Tor-9916676.html

Tor - no absolute security, heise.de, 30.08.2016
The anonymizing network like Tor left security leaks and access points: if many Tor-nodes gets observed, conclusions to the location as much as identity of a user can be drawn - and not only by institutes by law than NSA. There are some tor-based virusses and malware on their way - probably seldom, but really existant, http://www.heise.de/download/product/tor-browser-40042 .

Protect the router
The most important connection to the internet for the everyday life is your router at home for the use of online banking and so on, where sensible data is transferred. So do not use ever the same passwords, especially not that of the router. For most secure home connection always use WPA2-encryption and random generated login-passwords out of at least 30 characters, that should be kept within a password-manager. One more report about router is following below at the end of step 1 of this excurs.

Security updates: Critical leaks in root-security in SD-WAN-routern of Cisco, CHIP, 01.30.2021
Admins of Cisco-hard- and -Software should install the actual security patches. Otherwise attackers can attack the networks and execute malicious code, in oder to win the control over them.
https://www.trojaner-info.de/business-security/aktuell/sicherheitsupdates-kritische-root-luecken-in-sd-wan-routern-von-cisco.html

Resign from Java (whenever possible)
Oracle´s Java does not belong to the required software for PC-user for our relief. Java is full of lacks in security. Security experts postulate from Oracle the complete overworking of Java. January 2013 they advised all PC-user to deactivate Java as possible, that means except the cases where Java is needed. One should wholehearted attempt to delete Java from system completely and at once! This can be done for MS Windows by the system control. Nevertheless, if a webside requires Java, the recommend of installing actual Java software is not missing.

Be careful with the password-recovery of mail accounts
Make hacker the life as hard as possible. Use different mail-accounts with different passwords kept in a password manager with hard to hack address names like "myrec0v3ry_ZMf43yQKGA@outlook.com". Then hacker can not hack in an easy way and especially not all passwords at once.

Do not use only antivirus-software but also anti-malware-scanner
Virus scanner alone do not cover and remove all malware. It is a good idea to use malware-scanner too.

Screen the webcam Times were known, malware sended word-documents all over to email-contacts. This can get even more and more worse, if computers are suited with webcams and microphones. Put adhensive tapes, maybe with paper between, over the lense of the webcam. Whenever the webcam is needed by the user, he just has to deduct it.

Databasis (SQL)

Password-protection for MySQL after the login into MySQL by starting the daemon mysqld and entering "mysql -h -localhost -u username -p" in order to type into beloginging terminal:

grant usage on *.* to ´username´ identified by ´password-to-set´;

This method is advised as secure. Alternatively, but for some protocollings not such secure:

SET PASSWORD FOR ´username´ = PASSWORD(´password-to-set´);

The (own) computer should escape from the dark empire, here named by Miro´s "Suneater", but how?

Technical failures cause from human ones. "The way is the target", means their leader Konfuzius. Gooken itself is a meeting place for the scientific based IT-Security since computer might run secure. Its excursion is introducing the security-concept without the accumulation of any costs for consultation, training, conversion and licenses. It does so by realizing a secure and standard company management database and an everlasting as possible, standard IT-Security-concept for your computer-system through all of companies (fields, mandators, master, departments, standard-processes, editor, printouts, diagrams, security) intergrating Mycompanies company management in PHP-MySQL standard with intergratable PHP-FCKEditor for text-fields, also all ready for WEB-2.0-and 3.0-technology, the determination of security levels, computer-manual, (security-)commands, checklist and prototypes in order to resign from scans from hard-disks as much as from the amount of essential updates and upgrades to none (!) at all as much as possible, a deep look into the work resp. code of search-engines like Gooken, "News&Links" especially for the friends of MS Windows to carry on and more. In comparison with other projects, those of Gooken do not only consist of an everlasting character, but also find an end to the very beginning!

Theory

All this direct help online is offered to beware stable positions right before law and opposite fellow men. It is is realized by adjustments and downloads consisting of SQL through company. management, pdf like the computer-manual with checklist and surface covering security-software for prevention, diagnosis and repair to solve the survival-request of computer-age with its central rating for computers completely concretisizing the book "Security in Information Technology" second edition by Prof. Dr. Kersten, Oldenbourg-Hochschulverlag from 1995. Therefore Gooken tries to contribute to the calm, troublefree enterprise! Quit all needs and security problems of the computer can be solved! Gooken offers

Introduction-"basics" to reach the highes IT-security-level" as possible, and a pdf containing also next step 2 to reach an enhanced IT-security-level, pdf system-(security-)commands and pdf checklist,



Anonymizing Proxyserver

surfing with the anonymizing base64-, rotate-13 URL- and SSL-encrypting Proxy and den base64, rotate13, nonssl Proxy for free (with restricted capacity for dowloads) programmed by Abdullah Arif. In both cases, for payment as much as for free, IP are not only exchanged, but also all kind of scripts including tracking-scripts beneath cookies get blocked, by choosing the option "remove scripts". This is important to avoid methods like Canvas Fingerprinting, details see our "online check". If there is no access for our free proxy, try https://www.vtunnel.com.

Webdesign- and programming in HTML, JavaScript, PHP, PHP-MySQL and MySQL

Search engines

Many search-engines tell us, that we can search secure, because they resign from storing the IP of their user. But since Edward Snowden june 2013 the fact is, that many search engines host on server within the USA, even those recommended by so called privacy protectors. Such search-engines have to refer to the Patriot Act and US-law and therefore have to serve the full access of US-authorities. So they can not offer protected privacy (even not, if they try. source: metager, year 2014).

German government and the EU-commission, Tagesschau, 21.05.2014: Mundt supports the demands of Bundeswirtschaftsminister Sigmar Gabriel postulating a hard reglementation and the annihilation of the Google concern. Paris also postulates for harder rules. The minister and his french administration colleague Arnaud Montebourg postulted in a letter to sharpen the suggested conditions for Google. Indeed the ministre from Berlin and Paris do not find the sympathy of the EU-competition commissioner Joaquin Almunia signed by scepsis against the annihilation of Google. But all with Google is by far not obivious. It can not be exclude the commission following all the compaints against Google in further processes by law, explained Almunia at the same time.

Instead the platform independent Gooken is a self-learning search-engine with SSL-support. Gooken was developed for answering still unanswered questions in conjunction with IT-security past our excurs with downloads as much as for any purpose. You are searching completely anonymously, no click-registration by meta queried searchengines! Actually, no data are stored, neither your IP nor the user-agent-specification of your browser! Gooken resigns from tracking-scripts, participating in a web-advertisement net as much as from server-farms! You can open all websites anonymously.

Open Website Reputation: Gooken 100/100

downloads making Linux, what it proclaims to be: free from any intrusions, without any hacker and any trojan and therefore secure independent from most distribution and version: Linfw3 - the unbeatable fortress with protection against insecure browser-plugins - the comfortable end of all hacker and trojan (for single user, client, server) - besides Klean, Rename-Manager, the (LAN-supporting, platform-independent) PHP-MySQL-library Bibliomaster, platform-independent PHP-MySQL company-management-database Mycompanies and

a filterlist for the adblocker of the konqueror and other adblocker from the Easylist and during the time collected entries

Trials against small money for the attempt to improve your online-reputation within the internet on price at agreement

Fedora and CentOS (resp. ALT Linux) Updates, Linux for Security, and Top Seven by Susan Linton - Jan. 17, 2014Comments (0)
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LinuxToday was another interesting day in the newfeeds, so much so I can܌t pick just one. There were several headlines focusing on Fedora or CentOS (resp. ALT Linux) today. Linux.com has posted a top seven distro list for 2014 and Jack Wallen says CESG recommends Linux for security. Tha´´s not all either. First up today, Jack Wallen over at TechRepublic.com published an article discussing the results of the United Kingdom´s Communications-Electronics Security Group (CESG) operating system security tests. The tests consisted of 12 categories of security focus such as Disk Encryption, Authentication, and Platform Integrity and Sandboxing. As if there was any question, Linux proved the most secure of all the desktop and mobile systems tested. So, be sure to check out Wallen´s article for more detail and relevant links.

Operating Systems and covering well designed Software ready to start: after all those computer systems really one to work and game with (stable)!

mdv on USB-memory-stick: Opensource from (bootable) DVD, (bootable) USB (-memory-stick and memory-cards), from DVD onto SSD and HDD, so take the - as we think - one time chance to avoid in future not only computer-techique but also all operating systems. This can be performed by the shell-script mandriva-seed, unetbootin and other programs.:

mdv on DVD: from mdv-final for quit all devices - comuter-final, computing has right begun, where it ended: Opensource-2010-FINAL, secure, easy to handle, but most comfortable Linux fullfillingFSH 2.3 (Filesystem Hierarchy Standard) and ISO-standard-LSB 4.0, with 65 GB (15 DVD) + Fedore rpm + unlimited software from see our data-sheed (left menu) also recommended by prism.break.org, stable and secure from DVD onto your SSD (and/or harddrive) with lifetime installation-support, fc-SuSE-mdv: We also offer complex as much as the mdv2010 already updated, stable and secure Linux-distribution powerpack+final version mdv2010.0 from year 2010 (x86_64, 64-bit, optionally MAC based ("NSA-")Tomoyo-Linux by NTT DATA Corporation, Japan) with driver-comfortable kernel 2.6.31 (2.6-final resp. Knoppix 2010 like mdv-2010-Kernel 2.6.33-7-2, 2.6.39 (with allow-discards-support for FSE and FDE and patches up to actual date from see in our section for updates) or kernel-5.4.110 (pclos/PCLinuxOS) with mkinitrd (pclos, rosa, mga2), nash (pclos, rosa, mga2), dracut (mga6: version 044, el6: version 004 (leads into manual LUKS-password request even in the case of existing password-key-file!, mdv2011: version 008)) and glibc (el8, pclos), kernel-rsbac (hardened), RFC-rules bewaring methods for encryption, Firefox 3.6.17 you can update to an actual version like Firefox ESR, patched bash, LUKS/dm-crypt (cryptsetup) with most driver for desktop-computer, all postscript-based printer, PPD from manufacturer or diver-CD, alternatively see compatibilty-list and foomatic-, PPD- and cups-filter-driver and cupsddk (cups driver development kit) from these DVD or Linuxfoundation, openprinting.org and powerpack+ from year 2007 (i586, 32-bit), many graphic-card-drivers including IPG-driver intel, IGP-openchrome and IGP-unichrome3D, ati-, nvidia- and the universal VESA-standard-graphiccard-driver and other ones; each version out of one installation-DVD (1) for the binary-packages (rpm), one DVD for more mdv-2010-software-packages, most already known from mdk10.1 (2004) (2) including Debian Linux paket-manager (apt, dpkg, alien), debbuild (el6), debmirror (el6) more drivers and software listed in the data sheed below and one DVD for the belonging (updated) sourcecode-packages (3): 3 DVD Linux total, stable and secure mdv2010.0-final (x86_64) or mdv2007-powerpack+(i586), 3 × 4,4 GB comfortable, most stable and secure Linux total, free from shipping costs, for 20 € 24h-livetime-support from fr2.rpmfind.net and sources or installation-DVD mdv2010.0 from http://linuxisos.de for 8 € (2013), or

mdv from SSD: 65 GB mdv-software (15 DVD for mdv2010 out of mdv2010.0, updates, mdv2010.1, mdv2010.2 including all GLSA-updates except KDE and 2014 patched bash and openSSL 1.0.2, Firefox ESR ) extract see data sheed plus source-rpm from your sent-in at least 120GB sized SSD, FSE (FDE) of all partitions: root (around 65 GB) , (by keyfile from the root-partition automounted) home (around 25 GB), SWAP (around 3GB) and one more partition (around 30GB), 24h-livetime-support from fr2.rpmfind.net or

After the installation of kernel-4.19 (pclos), lookout for the requirements and install missing ones like kmod (pclos): "rpm -qi --requires kernel-4.19....".

mdv out of the internet: mdv2010-packages for free from: http://fr2.rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/mandriva/2010.0/x86_64/index.html, http://fr2.rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/mandriva/2010.1/x86_64/index.html and, http://fr2.rpmfind.net/linux/RPM/mandriva/2010.2/x86_64/index.html 24h-livetime-support from fr2.rpmfind.net and sources, plus quit all Linux-tarballs,

kernel-5.4.110 (PC-LinuxOS) with mkinitrd (pclos, rosa, mga2), nash (pclos, rosa, mga2), dracut (mga6, version 044, el6: version 004 (leads into manual LUKS-password request even in the case of existing password-key-file!, mdv2011: version 008)) and glibc (el8, pclos) resp. kernel-desktop-2.6.39 (mdv-2011-standard-kernel), kernel-server-2.6.39 (standard-kernel with patches up to now, year 2016, from see our section for updates), kernel-linus-2.6.31 (original kernel from Linus Tovalds), kernel-rsbac (hardened kernel), kernel-uml (protected usermode-kernel), xen-Kernel (XEN-virtual machines), lirc-kernel (infrared-driver), kernel-tmb (laptop), kqemu-kernel (kquemu-driver for the standard-kernel), vpnclient-kernel (vpnc-driver), fglrx-kernel (nvidia-driver), em8300-kernel, broadcom-wl-kernel, hfsmodem-kernel, madwifi-kernel (WLAN-driver), libafs-kernel, lzma-kernel, kernel-rt (SMP-onboard-Realttek/Atheros-LAN-BIOS-Chip with an activatable LAN-ROM), fusion-kernel (fusion-driver), kernel-netbook, kernel-openvz (SMP: multiprocessor-kernel), libafs-kernel, kernel-kerrighed (kerrighed-Support), obencbm-kernel, psb-kernel, actuator-kernel (actuator-driver), lzma-kernel (lzma-driver), m560x-kernel, broadcom-wl-kernel, nvidia-current-kernel, nvidia96xx-kernel, nvidia173-kernel, netfilter-rtsp-kernel, fortune-kernel, vhba-kernel (vhba-driver), em8300-kernel, r5u870-kernel, r5u870-kernel-laptop, squashfs-lzma-kernel, vboxadditions-kernel, virtualbox-kernel, actual Kernel-3.X.X (from fr2.rpmfind.net or kernel.org), ...

Notice, that in order to keep transparency and other aspects, the system boot does not in main follow the kernel with its many firmware, but the runlevel-init-scripts out of /etc/rc.runlevel0-6 out of tarball resp. rpm named initscripts and util-linux, almost steered by the script named init.

uml-kernel: User-Mode-Linux is a safe, secure way of running Linux versions and Linux processes. Run buggy software, experiment with new Linux kernels or distributions and poke around in the internals of Linux, all without risking your main Linux setup. User-Mode Linux gives you a virtual machine that may have more hardware and software virtual resources than your actual, physical computer. Disk storage for the virtual machine is entirely contained inside a single file on your physical machine. You can assign your virtual machine only the hardware access you want it to have. With properly limited access, nothing you do on the virtual machine can change or damage your real computer, or its software; you need an uml-kernel and an adequate root-fs-filesystem of about 1GB from http://uml.devloop.org.uk/; start: #./smb-kernel-name ubda=name-of-root_fs rw mem=256m; stop: #halt.

The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) defines the directory structure and directory contents in Unix and Unix-like operating systems, maintained by the Linux Foundation. The current version is 2.3, announced on 29 January 2004.[1]

Only some Linux-distributions fullfill the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard and LSB standard. The Linux Standard Base (LSB) itself is a joint project by several Linux distributions under the organizational structure of the Linux Foundation to standardize the software system structure, including the filesystem hierarchy used in the GNU/Linux operating system. The LSB is based on the POSIX specification, the Single UNIX Specification, and several other open standards, but extends them in certain areas. According to the LSB, the goal of the LSB is to develop and promote a set of open standards that will increase compatibility among Linux distributions and enable software applications to run on any compliant system even in binary form. In addition, the LSB will help coordinate efforts to recruit software vendors to port and write products for Linux Operating Systems. The LSB is registered as an official ISO standard. Linux Standard Base aims to make binaries portable.

mdv2010.0, LSB-version by after typing in the command

lsb_release -a

LSB Version: lsb-4.0-64...
Distributor ID: MandrivaLinux
Description: Mandriva Linux 2010.2
Release: 2010.2
Codename: Adelie (Napoleon, annotation by the red.)



With mdv2010 software is not only covering, it also can be displayed advantageous and interesting:

Window-administration (die hält, was sie verspricht): always-in-foreground, always-in-background, remember, force of positioning and seizing function and so on, fringes, work surface assignment, window-heaver, menü for behaviors, screen-edges, window-effects, changes of windows, actions, activation, spezific settings, ...

Effects for the desktop: kiba-dock, 3D-window-galery, 3D-windows-stack, fade in and out for the system-login and -logout, cube, preview (of minimized windows), showcase with miniaturized images for opened windows, translucency, transparency, dimming, zoom, auto-reticle for centering, gliding, magnifier, shadow, wonderlamp (during the maximizment of minimized windows), wave, ... on the base of composite: spotlighter (justable desktop-spotlight), ardesia (desktop-sketching), curtain (curtain to move on the desktop from one side to the other)...; like plasmoids without markable loss of performance for active processes of mdv2010.





Key-strokes for KDE-desktop-effects: STRG+F9 or mouse pointer into upper left corner: preview with mini-pictures of opened windows, ALT+TAB: window change, STRG+ALT+Scrollrad: window-transparency, STRG+Arrows: cube-rotation of the workplaces

Plasmoids resp. plasma (applets) for the desktop and the controlbar (please notice, that in differnence to mdv2010-rpm-packages actually not all of them do function, so we have to wait, and that some of them get their information

Desktop right upper corner with halfmoon-plasmoid: toolbox out of add control-line, configuraiton of key shortcuts, adjustment for the active-directory-perspective, enlargement/declinement of fonts and symbols and unlocking of the (plasmoid-)miniprograms



to present out of the internet): Daisy (free program choice within rings or bars), Lancelot (desktop-menu), timezones and weather, birthday-reminder, calculator, widget-dashboard, system-monitoring, multiple rowed fast-loader (more-rowed compressing collector for icons with optional mini-pull-down-(up-)menu), unit-conversion, LCD-weather-station, weather forecast, wordclock with timezones, accu-check, image frame, comic, egg-clock, jumping ball, colorchoosing stick, calculator, moon phases, zoom, social desktop, ToDo-lists, remember the milk, system-monitor, guitar-tuner, image-preview, widget-dashboard, birthday-reminder, flickr, language-translator, sun-system, fishtank, DVB-signal-meter, newsticker, Mountoid, Bundesliga, Facebook, Flickr, bsun (wandernde Sonne), FrustML resp. (Mensch-Ärger-Dich-Nicht), Fancy Tasks (quickstarter similar to cairo-dock), Koala (similar to Tamagocchi), Astrocalendar, Plasmio (SMS), daisy (desktop-icons in a cricle), 15 stones,Tomatoid, egg-clock, spell verification, blackboard, WorkContext (nepomuk) and much more ...

Gadgets, Apps-Installer, ...



Gai, The General Applet Interface Library von http://fr2.rpmfind.net oder http://gai.sourceforge.net : gai-pal, gai-album, gai-bgswitcher, gai-blobs, gai-clock, gai-mailcounter, gai-nebulus, gai-sun, gai-othello, gai-pager, gai-terrain, gai-visual-audio, gi8k, gwlan, vpn, bluecombo, FishTime, shermans-aquarium, TV in a box (tvib), usermon, ...



Cairo-Dock from http://fr2.rpmfind.net or http://www.glx-dock.org/

krunner: KDE Semantic desktop search per singe mouseclick on the base of gingko resp. akonadi and nepomuk and so on (all upon MySQL) by direct text-search like Cortana for MS Windows, ideal per mouseclick from the taskline or out of the KDE-start-menu, in order to search for names, database entries of all kind, textfiles, audios, images, videos, e-mail, news (Usenet), command execution, date and time, desktop-sessions (user exchange), kopete-contacts, contacts from kontact, webbrowser-history, konqueror-sessions, bookmarks (to find and envoke), units-converter, media playing, nepomuk (semantic search), locations (open files and addresses, ginkgo resp. semantic view during the saving of documents and other files), (opened and closed) windows and work areas (and their includes), plasma-desktop (interaction with the plasma-shell), TechBase (search within the KDE-TechBase), Wikipedia (searching in Wikipedia), Wikitravel (searching in Wikitravel), dictionary, recent documents, devices, kate-sessions, kget (links to download-manager kget), konsole-sessions, language translator, special chars (creates special chars) and so on: krunner (el6, ..., mdv) (or press ALT+F2)

rpm-description: "Ginkgo (KDE (mdv2010.2, mga, rosa) is a graphical front-end for managing data semantically. Ginkgo lets you create and explore links between your personal data such as e-mails, contacts, files, Web pages. It harnesses the Nepomuk framework."

Start ginkgo (KDE (mdv, mga)): Click upon a directory or file ->, context menu -> "Annotate" (context menu of KDE (mdv2010.2) -> Ginkgo: data record with different text fields
For KDE (el6, OpenSuSE-11.2 4.4.4, 4.4.11) ginkgo does not function, but clicking upon "semantic view" during the saving of documents and files is a good alternative, as it opens the same text-input-fields like ginkgo.

Now you might want to click onto the pliers symbol (settings) and modules, in order to deactivate Wikipedia, Wikitravel and the Google language translator.

[SOLVED by Gooken, 21.10.2016: drkonqi: One or more akonadi_resource do not work or cannot be found]
At first, lookout for akonadi (el6) installed (rpm -qi akonadi).
There are three rpm-packages full of akonadi_resources like ical, birthdays, kcal, knut, kolabproxy, localbookmarks, mbox, microblog, nntp, notes, vcard, vcarddir, nepomuktag, strigi, kabc, kcal and imap: akonadi-kde (mdv2010.2) and kdepim-runtime (el6) with kdepim-runtime-libs (el6).
Now enpack akonadi-kde (mdv2010.2) and copy the not working akonadi-resources, that can be found in rpm´s usr/bin/ to /usr/bin.
The other direction from kdepim-runtime (el6) to akonadi-kde (mdv2010.2) might be the correct one in some cases too.
If you want to start nepomuk-semantic-desktop-search (krunner):
1 eventually start the strigidaemon: /usr/bin/strigidaemon&
2 start desktopsearch-KDE-control-modul ( systemsettings or krunner:enter "nepomuk", in order to select it ) -> 3 select files to index / Dateiindizierung (Verzeichnisse auswählen) -> 4 activate both, nepomuk and strigi / Nepomuk-Semantik-Dienste und Strigi-Datei-Indexer zugleich aktivieren.
3 If the error message ( like "akonadi_ical_resource can not be executed successfully" ) still appears, start akonaditray and remove the belonging resource out of the resource-listing. Many resource can be removed, but maildis, maildir and mailtrans are always needed for kmail.

Desktop-Screenlets, image: GUI-Screenlet-administration with more than 100 screenlets additionaly downloadable ones and screenlet-daemon, screenlet in the fore- and background, scalable size, widget-attribute, more attributes like: growing flower ( to give some water from time to time), slideshow, pager, control (to add more screenlets), radio, meter, stocks, speech, sensors, ringssensors, ruler, convert, example of howto create a screenlet, copystack, clear weather von weather.com, ...

For more details see the data sheed from left menu.